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西安:“飞机撞鸟”世界性难题有新突破

2016-04-26 04:31:09   中国青年报

“鸟撞”原理来源于大禹“疏胜于堵”

针对这一世界性难题,西北工业大学李玉龙教授团队创新性地提出了一种新的设计理念。其理念的核心就是“以疏导能量代替对抗能量”,“就像大禹治水,‘堵’是下下策,‘疏导’才是良方。”李玉龙教授形象地说。

事实上,正是从大禹“疏胜于堵”的理念获得启发,团队想到通过改善机身结构的办法来应对鸟撞,而不是单纯改变强度和材料。

李教授是这么解释的:“鸟作为一个软体,在高速撞击的过程中,表现出的是一个液态的状态,就像水打在一块板子上一样,既然是这样的流体,那么我们就可以把它疏导得更合理。”

以尾翼为例,这里最需要保护的是主梁,因其背后附有重要的器件设备。李教授和团队在尾翼内置了一块三角形的蒙皮,用与活鸟同等质量的硅胶模块,以644km/h的速度进行冲击试验。当尾翼受到撞击,蒙皮变形成像刀片一样的利器,将冲击物飞开,从而分散冲击产生的动能,保证机身完好。

“难就难在,现有的研究很难考虑到这个角度。”李教授表示,另一个难点,在于增加结构的同时,却不能改变机翼的原本重量,不然整个机身的气体动力学结构都会改变。这就需要在减少机翼其他部分重量的同时,提升强度。

从理论到实现应用,需要一系列的实验验证。实验不仅可以验证理论,同时很多的实验数据也可以进一步修正和丰富理论。李教授说,很多时候,实验下来的结果和理论预想存在很大的偏差,看似简单的原理背后,却是整个团队夜以继日、连续多年的摸索速度、结构上任何一处细微的变化,导致的结果将大相径庭。团队曾经一连提出几种构型,都存在一定的问题。

为了进一步加快研发效率与实验成功率,团队采用“仿真实验”与“现实实验”相结合的方式。经过多年反复验证,团队仿真实验的结果终于与真实实验几乎完全吻合!进一步验证了李教授所提出理念的可行性与有效性。

2015年夏天,李教授团队研发的“加强结构”已经通过了美国专利认证,今年就要拿到法国专利。而且,这项技术已经应用到了很多军用、民用的飞机上,也取得非常好的效果,其中就包括我国的大飞机C919。

据李教授介绍,事实上,“鸟撞”的研究领域并不限于飞机上,日常交通工具如高铁、汽车在高速运行的环境下,如何防范飞鸟、高处的落石等都是该领域的研究内容。

“鸟撞”实验系统已得到应用

除了机翼,飞机上另一个最易受鸟撞击的“重灾区”就是飞机发动机,30%~40%的鸟撞事故发生在发动机上。

针对发动机结构,十几年来,李教授团队投入大量的精力在试验和实践中,研发出了一套针对“鸟撞”发动机的实验设备,目前已经得到了良好的应用。

在与国内航空相关单位的合作中,团队研发出的抗鸟撞地面实验设备抗鸟撞空气炮,适航精度能达到1.5%~2%(一般水平在3%),保证了炮弹发射精度准确。目前,空气炮已被国内很多航空实验室采用。

不论抗鸟撞结构,还是炮弹,都需要依靠严密的测试方法和设备,及大量实验数据。静态实验相对容易,但在冲击状态下,材料的结构属性,如屈服应力、流动应力、破坏应力等因素均会发生极大的变化。如何做材料动态力学性能测试,才是解决抗鸟撞问题的关键因素。这也正是李玉龙团队的另一张王牌:高变形速率、高温环境下的力学性能测试。目前,相关设备已出口美国、澳大利亚等国家。

据悉,“加强结构”已经在ARJ21-700飞机上进行了验证,目前尚处于适航要求的仿真实验阶段。一旦成功,将会为机身减去10.5kg的重量。

记者采访结束时获悉:团队的下一步目标,是将机翼的抗冲击力提高到1.8kg,尾翼则要提高到3.6kg,这意味着,对抗鸟撞的条件要求更高、更严格。

刘建平、郑真、张阿娇 中国青年报·中青在线记者 孙海华

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