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西安:“飞机撞鸟”世界性难题有新突破

2016-04-26 04:31:09   中国青年报

“鸟撞”目前是世界性难题。西北工业大学供图

李玉龙教授 郭友军/摄

原标题:“飞机撞鸟”世界性难题有新突破

针对“飞机撞鸟”的世界性难题,西北工业大学李玉龙教授团队经过数年钻研,新近提出一种新的设计理念,获得抗鸟撞研究领域的创新性重大突破。

2015年12月17日,我国海军东海舰队一架飞机在训练中发生飞行事故,飞机坠毁,机组人员及时跳伞,事故未造成人员伤亡。消息发布后受到社会各方关注。

经调查,事故真相披露:战机坠落是因为在空中意外遭受鸟撞。在此次事件中,失事发动机进气道内壁存在一条长约80厘米,宽约10厘米的喷射状血迹,并在内部叶片上发现多处软组织残留痕迹。

经鉴定,判定为发动机叶片损坏为鸟撞所致,所撞击的是一只体重在1~1.3千克左右的成年绿头鸭。

“鸟撞”是世界性难题

为什么一只重量至多几公斤、飞行速度相对缓慢的小鸟,会对比它庞大得多的飞机造成如此大的伤害?

我们所说的“鸟撞飞机”,实际上是“飞机撞鸟”,问题的根源就在于飞行器运行中的高速,而不是鸟类本身的质量。

根据动量定理,一只0.45公斤的鸟与时速800公里的飞机相撞,会产生153公斤的冲击力;一只7公斤的大鸟撞在时速960公里的飞机上,冲击力将达到144吨。

高速运动使鸟的破坏力达到惊人的程度,一只麻雀就足以撞毁降落时的飞机发动机。而鸟类的生物特性,决定了它以距离而非速度作为“是否飞走”的判断基准,但飞机的高速度让它还来不及反应,就变成了“凶手”和牺牲者。

“鸟撞”目前是世界性难题。根据国际航空协会统计,1912年以来,鸟撞至少导致63架民用航空器失事;军用飞行器速度快,鸟撞危害更为严重,1950年以来文献记载的严重事故超过353起,至少165人遇难。1992~2008年,我国军用飞机因鸟撞造成20起严重的飞行事故、58起飞行事故征候和210起飞行问题,导致18架飞机坠毁、12名飞行员牺牲。

一次又一次机毁人亡的空难用“惨烈”“血淋淋”的事实警示我们,飞机防鸟撞必须要列入人类科学研究的重大课题了。

面对频发的鸟撞飞机事故,目前普遍采用的解决办法是驱鸟,常用的有空气炮、录音驱鸟、猎杀、豢养猛禽、仿生航模驱鸟等。虽然主动驱鸟在很大程度上减少了鸟撞飞机事故的发生,但百密一疏,仍不能从根本上解决问题。

除了驱鸟,第二种方法就是对飞机本身进行“抗鸟撞”设计。

在抗鸟撞飞机设计上,国际上通常采用两种理念。一种是“以硬碰硬”,通过改善飞机材料,以提升强度来应对鸟撞产生的巨大冲击力。但这种做法对材料的要求很高,既要重量轻又要强度高,会受到材料技术及成本的限制。

二是采用吸能材料。如同海绵吸水,机体材料会吸附冲击力,保证飞机结构不受损失。这种做法目前在汽车上的应用非常普遍,但对于飞机上应用的研发和普及程度而言,也是件难事。

责任编辑:丁勇 CN007
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