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揭秘中印邻国不丹:严重依赖印度 未与中国建交

2017-07-05 08:40:27   环球时报

对于游客来说,不丹的餐饮住宿条件有限,五星级宾馆在当地常被划入“超五星”,价格奇贵,一般不列入团队游套餐内。这些“超五星”大多由印度的连锁酒店集团打造,不但酒店风格设计及建造,连服务体系及人员都来自印度。记者曾在廷布一家“超五星”酒店询问迎宾茶是否为当地特产,得到的回答却是“印度红茶,加了蜂蜜和几种印度香料”。

不丹对印度的依赖是方方面面的。美国詹姆斯敦基金会网站今年刊登的印度独立研究人员拉马香德兰的文章称,不丹约79%的进口来自印度,90%的出口是由印度提供市场。不丹研究中心与日本对外贸易组织、发展经济研究中心的一项联合研究表明,早在1961年不丹开始制定国家发展规划时,印度的援助就开始涌入并稳步增加,从第一个五年规划期间的1.07亿卢比增至第八个五年规划期间的90亿卢比,而不丹的前两个五年规划全部由印度出资。在2013年至2018年的不丹“十一五规划”中,印度约占不丹接受的外部援助总额的68%。

《印度斯坦时报》称,印度是不丹最大的贸易伙伴、援助国和债权国,不丹货币与印度卢比挂钩,石油消费全部来自印度,生产的近9成水电由印度控制,而水电出口收入占不丹财政预算的30%。与此同时,印度帮其建设了每一样东西,从水泥厂到发电站,从广播电台、公路再到机场。

在军事方面,《印度教徒报》称,印度事实上是有保护不丹的责任,“以免受中国军事威胁”。印度东部陆军司令部和东部空军司令部本身就承担着保护不丹的任务。由一名少将负责的印度军事训练大队在不丹安全部队训练中发挥着关键作用。

美国《外交学者》网站曾刊登文章,详细描述了文章作者维克多·罗伯特·李在不丹看到的无处不在的印度军队:“10月末,在从不丹小镇巴洛蜿蜒通往中国西藏边界的土路上,我经过一个有600多名士兵的印军基地,他们正在收拾行囊以在不丹寒冬季节期间返回印度。日落后,我在同一条道路上遇到一支印军特种部队小分队。”文章称,在该印军基地旁是一个约有120名不丹士兵的军营,后者“正与印军举行联合军演并接受培训”。

国防与经济严重依赖印度的不丹,在外交上很难实现独立。1949年,印度与不丹签订《永久和平与友好条约》。该协定的第二条款称,“就对外关系而言,不丹政府同意接受印度政府建议的指导”,也就是说,印度曾是不丹外交事务中的“首要力量”。中国社会科学院中国边疆研究所西南边疆研究室主任孙宏年对《环球时报》记者说,不丹被印度操控是英帝国殖民留下的不良资产,尼泊尔、锡金和不丹当年都是清朝的藩属国,英国要想染指西藏首先就是要控制这几个藩属国。上世纪40年代,英帝国在南亚的殖民统治崩溃,印度天然认为自己要继承“遗产”。

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