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谷歌首席未来学家:2030年后人类将逐渐永生

2016-04-27 17:46:20   澎湃新闻

信息技术每年都会有突破性的发展,相同功能的手机,你明年再买的话价格就会下降一半,我把这称作加速回报定律(Law of Accelerating Returns),进步越来越大,发展越来越快。这就是为什么你可以花两年前的价格去买到功能好一倍的手机。现在我的智能手机比我1965年在麻省理工学院读本科的时候用的IBM 7094型计算机要强大数千倍,同时比IBM 7094型计算机1100万美元的造价要便宜很多。以前如果我想要把计算功率提升1万倍,需要同时使用1万台电脑,但是现在我可以用云计算做到这点,我们甚至没有意识到,你在公园里安静地坐着就可以完成一个复杂的翻译、搜索或者其它事情,其实你可能是用手机访问了成千上万台电脑。在以后的十几年中,这些工具会让我们变得更聪明。

Q:所以你觉得人类正演变得像手机一样?

库兹韦尔:我们正在尝试与这些非生物技术的融合,我的意思是,这个小小的安卓手机,我放在我的口袋里而不是在我的身份里,但是我可以连接云上的所有资源而不是通过手机本身。

Q:大自然给我们的还不够多吗?

库兹韦尔:我们的大脑容量有限,至少比计算电子元件慢100万倍。大脑控制思维的部分被称为大脑皮层。大脑皮层在2亿年前出现在哺乳动物以及啮齿类动物的大脑中。200万年前,人类不断进化,有了比较大的额头。当你观察其他灵长类动物的时候,你会发现他们的额头是倾斜的不饱满,因为他们没有额叶皮质。额叶皮质可以让我们识别更加抽象的东西,首先语言能力就归这块管控,同时还可以给我们带来节奏感和幽默感。除了人类,其他动物可以保持一个节拍或者讲一个笑话。

Q:所以让纳米进入我们的大脑会让我们变得更加聪明和迷人吗?

库兹韦尔:到2030年左右,我们可以利用纳米机器人通过毛细血管以无害的方式进入大脑,并将我们的大脑皮层与云端联系起来,合成一个新皮层,这样我们就有一个额外的大脑皮层了。就像我们200万年前进化出来的额叶皮层,通过这个新的大脑皮层,人类将会增加一些新的能力,比如我们将创造出比今天所熟悉的、更深刻的沟通方式,更加有趣的笑话以及更有韵律的音乐。我们会变得更有趣、更感性以及更加善于表达爱意。

Q:所以我们最终会变成什么样?

库兹韦尔:打个比方说,假设我独自走着,然后看到我在谷歌的老板拉里·佩奇(Larry Page)向我走来,我有三秒时间想出该说些什么得体的话,我大脑皮层里3亿个分子远不够用,在两秒钟的时间内我将需要10亿个分子,我可以从云存储里获得它们,就像我们的手机利用云储存获得额外的计算能力,然后我将非常得体地与佩奇打招呼。

但是事实上,我们并不知道它会是什么样子。一旦我们通过云端扩展我们的思维,我们所获悉的知识增长超出了目前我们可以理解的。我们对未来的直觉是线性的,一万年,我们想追踪该区域的动物时,我们将会以线性预测动物的去向。这种想法是有道理的,但是我们忽略了信息技术是呈指数发展的。我们正在接近一个点,技术将进步的更快,人类的智慧将无法跟随它。

Q:你把这个点称为“奇点”(The Singularity),你为什么特意把它设定在2045年到来?

库兹韦尔:在这一年非生物智能的创造力将达到巅峰,超过今天所有人类智能总和的10亿倍。但是在这之前也或许会有一些戏剧性的变化,我认为在2029年左右,我们将会达到一个临界点,计算机将完成图灵测试,展现出和人类一样的智力行为。

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