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出尔反尔:1956年越南总理明文承认南海诸岛属中国

2017-01-17 15:15:54   

统一前夕武元甲挥军侵占南沙6岛
1974年1月,中国海军同南越海军打了一仗,将后者驱逐出西沙群岛。也就是从这时起,北越的立场出现明显转变,两国岛屿之争从此开始。西沙海战刚结 束,法新社援引北越某“权威人士”的话称,捍卫领土主权对每一个国家来说都是“神圣事业”,但争执应当通过谈判来解决。这与北越以往的态度形成鲜明对比。 同年10月,越南劳动党中央委员会成员、《人民报》主编黄松在会见泰国记者时说:“中国不是这一地区的国家,不应当拥有它所声称的那么多海域。”
1975年4月,随着越南统一战争接近尾声,北越领导人武元甲迅速指挥北越海军侵占南沙。据1988年越南国防部军事历史研究院《军事历史》杂志出版的 特刊《关于黄沙和长沙》披露,自1975年初,越海军司令部就进行“解放由伪军占据的东海和西南海域各岛屿”的准备工作。1975年4月4日,武元甲向越 第五军区和海军司令部发去一份特别电报,要求抓紧制订作战计划,时机一到及时解放长沙群岛。4月13日,武元甲指示:“敌人(指南越军队)从哪个岛上撤 走,我们就必须立即占领之……”
这场抢岛之战没有持续多久,5月7日,越南南方通讯社即发布消息称“解放了”南沙群岛。随后,越南 《人民报》、《人民军队报》以整版版面刊登越南全国地图,特别是《人民军队报》在越南地图上第一次把南沙群岛标为越南领土。官方的越南通讯社也报道说,越军“解放了祖国的6个宝岛”。在同年5月出版的越南国家地图上,越方公然将南沙诸岛划入其版图。
越公布文件为立场遽变诡辩
其实,这时的中越早已不是五六十年代的“同志加兄弟”关系了,陆地边境冲突、在越华侨遭迫害、北部湾海域争端等让两国逐渐走向敌对。但为维护中越大局, 中国在相关公开声明中仍避免提及越南,而是采取秘密交涉方式。1975年9月,越南领导人黎笋率党政代表团访华,首次正式提出对南海岛屿的主权要求。当时 担任副总理的邓小平对黎笋说,在西沙群岛和南沙群岛问题上两国之间存在分歧,中方有足够的证据说明西沙和南沙自古以来就属于中国……但本着通过友好协商解 决分歧的原则,这个问题可以留待以后讨论。
然而,中越争端此后却不断升温,1977年5月6日,英国《每日电讯报》以“共产党国家在 南海的利害冲突”为题报道说,“河内的越南共产党人在苏联支持下,在普加德岛(即我费信岛)建了一个简易机场”。5月12日,越南发布《越南社会主义共和 国关于领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架的声明》,特别提到西沙和南沙是越南领土。
约1个月后,越南总理范文同访华,中国副总理李先 念在会见他时指出,越南方面过去承认南沙、西沙是中国领土,但1974年以后立场却开始发生变化,特别是1975年趁解放南方的机会,侵占了我国南沙6个 岛屿,“苏联在1975年以前一直都承认南沙、西沙群岛属于中国领土,在你们挑起这一争端以后,他们也立即改变了态度。”范文同对此辩解说:“在抗战中, 当然我们要把抗击美帝国主义放在高于一切的地位”,“对我们的声明,其中包括我给周总理的照会上面所说的,应当怎样理解呢?应当从当时的历史环境来理 解”。李先念当即指出,这种解释不能令人信服,对待领土问题应该是严肃认真的,不能说由于战争的因素就可以做另一种解释法。何况范文同总理照会周恩来总理 时,抗美斗争并没有打响。
这之后,中越关系更趋恶化。1979年,越南发表白皮书,用一系列所谓“历史证据”将它对南沙群岛的主权要求公诸于世。1988年,越外交部公布文件承认过去确实认可中国的主张,但又诡辩说,之所以那么做是出于寻求中国支持越南抗美斗争的需要等等。众所周知, 越南的抗美斗争上世纪60年代才开始。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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