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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦
第二,马克思主义应该怎么化:“使马克思主义在中国的具体化。”梁漱溟认为“建设新中国”的前提是要“认识老中国”,但过去中共对古老中国的认识不足。他认为,古老中国历经数千年,有其特殊性,文化传统、伦理道德、社会构造都与西方不同,中共应更加重视中华民族自身的“元素”。梁漱溟提醒毛泽东要全面审视和正确对待民族瑰宝,认识到从孔夫子到孙中山的历史长河中存在的积极一面,从而进一步去思考如何实现马克思主义中国化的问题。这与毛泽东倡导的要重视中国传统文化的观点是一致的。毛泽东向来强调,要辩证地科学地看待中国传统文化,取其精华,弃其糟粕,特别是对待传统文化中的优秀和精华部分,要注意学习、继承、弘扬,并积极运用到实践中,发挥其资政育人的作用。毛泽东听完梁漱溟的观点后表示:“中国社会有其特殊性,有自己的文化传统,有自己的伦理道德,梁先生强调这些也并没有错。”(卢之超主编《毛泽东与民主人士》,第311页。)后来,毛泽东在中共六届六中全会上提出“使马克思主义在中国具体化”的重要思想,并强调“我们这个民族有数千年的历史,有它的特点,有它的许多珍贵品”,“使马克思主义在中国具体化,使之在其每一表现中带着必须有的中国的特性,即是说,按照中国的特点去应用它”,“洋八股必须废止,空洞抽象的调头必须少唱,教条主义必须休息,而代之以新鲜活泼的、为中国老百姓所喜闻乐见的中国作风和中国气派”。(《毛泽东选集》第2卷,人民出版社1991年版,第533—534页。)
第三,马克思主义应该化作什么:新民主主义理论。梁漱溟与毛泽东“交换意见”的第三大主题就是抗战胜利后中国政局的走向问题。他就重视乡村建设,以及抗战胜利后政治民主化和经济社会化“同时前进”的建国方案等问题与毛泽东进行了深入探讨。毛泽东在《新民主主义论》中回答的第一个问题就是“中国向何处去”,宣告“我们要建立一个新中国”,并根据中国历史的特点和当前革命的特点,得出“两步走”战略,然后论证“第一步”是关于新民主主义政治、经济、文化的可行性方案。毛泽东新民主主义理论的系统提出,解决了马克思主义中国化应该化作什么的问题。
总之,梁漱溟访问延安期间与毛泽东的“交换意见”,澄清了梁漱溟心中长期存在的一些疑虑、偏见,增进了他对马克思主义和中国共产党思想和政策的认识和理解。同时,也激发了毛泽东对一些重要理论问题的进一步思索,促使毛泽东对马克思主义中国化的路径、方式、实践等问题的深入思考和系统总结。从这个意义上讲,一些像梁漱溟、黄炎培这样的爱国民主人士提出的意见和建议,对马克思主义中国化的进程也起到了一定的积极作用。(《党的文献》2016年第6期,作者系南开大学马克思主义学院博士生)
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