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1938年毛泽东与哪位国民政府要员促膝长谈通宵达旦
在1938年召开的中共六届六中全会上,毛泽东正式提出“使马克思主义在中国具体化”的科学命题。这一划时代命题的提出有多方面的原因,其主要在于毛泽东长期对中国革命路线的深刻思考,包括他对国共合作与大革命时期经验的总结和教训的吸取、在遵义会议上对“左”倾错误的初步纠正以及对共产国际指导方针和工作方式的反思。党外民主人士梁漱溟在1938年初访问延安,与毛泽东进行了六次“交换意见”,对毛泽东进一步思考如何实现马克思主义中国化起到了一定的积极作用。
一、全面抗战初期梁漱溟访问延安的缘由
五四运动时期,梁漱溟受好友李大钊的影响,阅读了一些马克思主义经典著作,但由于马克思主义的唯物史观、阶级斗争理论与梁漱溟的伦理本位、中国文化至上等思想针锋相对,基于此,他便对马克思主义持否定态度。同样,梁漱溟当时对以马克思主义为思想纲领的中国共产党也并无好感。他认为中国需要的是“革命的建设”,而中国共产党“革命而不建设”,“滥用其破坏斗争的手段”。红军长征之后,他依然对中共存有偏见,认为其已“几于消灭”,“仅仅靠军事来挣持党的生命,而在政治上则是失败的”。(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,山东人民出版社2005年版,第18页。)在他看来,中国社会构造是追求“散漫和平的”,极具调和性和妥协性,“中国政治问题,不是用阶级斗争的方法可以得到解决的”。(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第17页。)总之,梁漱溟认为,中国共产党在“认识老中国”上错误地搬用西方理论,遑论“建设新中国”。

毛泽东与梁漱溟 资料图
然而,面对日本帝国主义的侵略,中国共产党所作出的一系列举措令梁漱溟刮目相看。日本侵略中国东北以后,国民党军队抗战不力、节节败退。反观中国共产党,在民族大义面前摒弃前嫌,提出并号召建立抗日民族统一战线,号召全国各党各派团结一致抗日;组织和领导发动了“一二·九”运动;促成了西安事变的和平解决。对此,梁漱溟深有感触:“以濒于消灭之共产党,年来转变其政治路线,放弃对内斗争,要求团结抗日,尤以西安事变所表见者为最好,遂得全国同情,抗日战起声光几出国民党之上。”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第18页。)他甚至认为,“从抗战前,以至抗战初段,使我们心里最欣喜的事,是中国共产党放弃对内斗争,是国家较进于统一”(《梁漱溟全集》第6卷,第84页。)。
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