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明代海盗四处劫掠 日本称其为“嘉靖大倭寇”

2016-12-27 14:04:43   李伯重

如果我们把眼光放开,就不难看到在14~17世纪中叶的东亚海域,海盗绝不止倭寇和西方海盗,来自不同国家的海盗也横行在这一海域。这其中,华人海盗又占有特殊地位。

东南亚的本地海盗,最为有名的是苏拉威西南部的布吉私掠船,其活动范围西至新加坡,北至菲律宾。另一恶名昭彰的奥朗劳特海盗,则控制了马六甲海峡上的过往船只以及新加坡周围的海域。马来亚和婆罗洲的海盗,从婆罗洲出发抢掠新加坡和香港之间海域上的商船。不过这些海盗与活跃于东南亚海域的华人海盗相比,又是小巫见大巫了。因为有更好的装备和更好的组织,华人海盗比东南亚本土海盗拥有更强大的力量,所以在东南亚海域的影响力也更大。

东南亚的华人海盗活动始于中国元朝。这些海盗大多数来自中国南方沿海的广东和福建。他们也招募东南亚本地人来修建堡垒。这些海盗大多都在苏门答腊和爪哇附近海域活动。到了明初,在活跃于东南亚地区的各国海盗中,最出名的是陈祖义为首的华人海盗集团。陈氏是广东潮州人,洪武年间逃到南洋,入海为盗,盘踞马六甲十几年,在其鼎盛时期成员超过万人,战船近百艘,活动在日本、南海、印度洋等地。在当时的世界上,这可能是最大的海盗集团。陈氏自立为渤林邦(位于苏门答腊岛)国王,东南亚一些国家甚至向其纳贡。后来陈氏集团与下西洋的郑和舰队发生冲突,发生激战,陈氏武装被击毙五千余人,被烧毁战船十艘,缴获七艘,陈祖义等首领三人也被生俘,该集团随之瓦解,华人海盗活动暂时消减,但是到了明代中期,华人海盗又活跃了起来。他们与日本有密切关系,成为倭寇的一个重要组成部分。

依照学界较新的看法,倭寇包括前期倭寇和后期倭寇。前期倭寇主要活动在14世纪至嘉靖三十一年(1552),成员基本上是被称为“西日本恶党”的日本人;而后期倭寇(日本通常称为“嘉靖大倭寇”)是嘉靖三十一年活动的海盗,成员不仅有日本人,也有中国人。不仅如此,中国人可能还占多数。《明史》说“大抵真倭十之三,从倭者十之七”,其中“从倭者”就是中国人。明代小说《喻世明言》第十八卷《杨八老越国奇逢》里,对这些“从倭者”的情况进行了生动的描写:

原来倭寇逢着中国之人,也不尽数杀戮。其男子但凡老弱,便加杀害;若是强壮的,就把来剃了头发,抹上油漆,假充倭子。每遇厮杀,便推他去当头阵。……这些剃头的假倭子,自知左右是死,索性靠着倭势,还有捱过几日之理,所以一般行凶出力。那些真倭子,只等假倭挡过头阵,自己都尾其后而出。”小说里说“从倭者”是被胁从的,但事实上有许多则是自愿的,甚至是自己主动去当倭寇的。参加过平定东南沿海倭寇战斗的明朝官员郑晓说:“近日东南倭寇类多中国之人,间有膂力胆气谋略可用者,往往为贼。躧路踏白,设伏张疑;陆营水寨,据我险要;声东击西,知我虚实。以故数年之内,地方被其残破,至今未得殄灭。缘此辈皆粗豪勇悍之徒,本无致身之阶,又乏资身之策,苟无恒心,岂甘喙息。欲求快意,必至鸱张,是以忍弃故乡,幡从异类。……小民迫于贪酷,困于饥寒,相率入海从之。凶徒、逸囚、罢吏、黠僧,及衣冠失职、书生不得志、群不逞者,为之奸细,为之乡道。弱者图饱暖旦夕,强者忿臂欲泄其怒。

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