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毛泽东心系海军建设:我们一定要建立强大的海军

2016-12-26 08:57:52   

“核潜艇,一万年也要造出来”

核潜艇是关键的战略威慑力量之一,它可以搭载潜射弹道导弹,在大洋下面游弋潜伏,一旦接获指令便可从水下向目标地区发射远程导弹实施核打击,其高度的隐蔽性令核武器的威慑力大大增强,其作用非常规武器能比。新中国成立9年后,我国根据世界形势的变化和自身国防建设的需要,开始了艰苦卓绝的核潜艇研制之路。

1958年6月27日,时任国防科工委主任的聂荣臻向中共中央和毛泽东呈送了一份绝密文件《关于开展研制导弹原子潜艇的报告》,这份只有500多个字的传阅件宛如一声惊雷,打响了我国研制核潜艇的第一枪。报告当天便被呈送给了国防部长彭德怀。在反复看了3遍之后,彭德怀签下了自己的名字。

第二天,国务院总理周恩来在这份绝密报告上作出批示:“请小平同志审阅后提请政治局常委批准,退聂办。”

第三天,邓小平总书记批示:“拟同意。主席、林总、彭真于阅后退聂。”并特别在绝密报告中关于加快研制进程处批注了“好事”二字。随后,文件在中央政治局常委会中快速传阅。

6月29日,毛泽东圈阅批准了这份报告。研制核潜艇成为共和国的“绝密工程”。此后,核潜艇研制工作迅速启动,成立了由海军副司令员罗舜初任组长,张连奎任副组长,刘杰、王诤任组员的四人小组,具体负责领导核潜艇研制工作。

作为一个一穷二白,工业基础薄弱,科学技术落后的国家,要研制当时世界上最先进的核潜艇谈何容易。因此,党和国家的领导人把目光投向了苏联,希望苏联能给我国提供技术援助。

1959年9月底,时任苏共中央总书记的赫鲁晓夫来到中国参加我国建国10周年庆典。10月2日至3日,中苏在中南海举行谈判。周恩来总理、聂荣臻元帅不失时机地提出了核潜艇的技术援助问题。可赫鲁晓夫盛气凌人地说:“核潜艇技术太复杂,你们搞不了,花钱太多,你们不要搞。”并表示“苏联有了核潜艇,你们不就有了吗?我们可以组织联合舰队嘛!我们还可以出钱帮你们建长波台”。毛泽东强压心中的怒火,对此表示:“借钱给我们当然好!我们自己建。建好后,钱我们还。”会上,赫鲁晓夫提出的建立中苏联合舰队、在我国海南岛设立大功率长波台、利用我国港口设施为苏联舰艇提供后勤补给和人员休整的要求都被我方否决。

赫鲁晓夫之所以在支持中国研制核潜艇问题上态度消极,是因为当时中苏两党的关系已经出现了裂痕。此前,我国为打击国民党嚣张气焰在未通报苏联的情况下发起了炮击金门行动,这让苏联强烈不满。同时,赫鲁晓夫曾在访美时夸下海口,说中国肯定会释放被俘虏的美军飞行员,但毛泽东拒绝释放,这让赫鲁晓夫懊恼不已。不久,中苏两党就如何评价斯大林的问题产生严重分歧,直接导致两党关系跌入冰点,国家间的各项交往都受到了严重影响。

从来没有在困难面前低头的中国共产党和毛泽东当然不会轻易放弃核潜艇这一关键性的国防工程。面对赫鲁晓夫的傲慢,毛泽东说出了那句豪气万丈又斩钉截铁的名言:“核潜艇,一万年也要搞出来!”

赫鲁晓夫回国后,苏联政府便以种种借口限制和拖延向我国提供军事方面的援助,坚决拒绝向我国提供研制核武器的任何资料,同时想方设法阻碍中苏《国防新技术协定》的执行。

此后不久,随着中苏关系的全面恶化,苏联单方面撤走了所有的援华专家,中断了所有的援建项目,但这并没有阻挡中国人研制原子弹、核潜艇的脚步。在毛泽东等的关心下,在彭士禄等著名科学家的主持下,我国科研工作者、人民海军指战员,从研究仿制美国核潜艇模型开始,一步一步攻克核潜艇总体设计、核反应堆研制等各种科学难关。1970年12月26日,我国研制的第一代核潜艇建成下水,使我国成为世界上第5个可以设计建造核潜艇的国家,为强化我国的大国地位提供了又一坚实支撑。

责任编辑:谢辉 CM026
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