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少年蒋经国留苏经历:年仅15岁就成为《红墙》编辑

2016-12-22 15:15:45   逢初

学校的待遇还是不错的,给每位新来的同学发放了全套的生活用品:衣服、大衣、肥皂、牙膏和牙刷,分配了宿舍。

邓小平在此要学习俄语、马克思主义史学、中国革命运动史、东西方革命运动史、联共(布)历史、经济学、政治经济学、党的建设、军事事务以及新闻学。学期设置为2年,学生每周上6天课,每天8个小时(从1926年下半年开始,周一至周三每天8小时、周四至周六每天6小时),可以看出,莫斯科方面主要是从实际应用出发来设置课程,都是一些社会科学,便于学员集中短期学习,并且能够尽快应用到本国革命实践中去。

邓小平入学履历上写道,“我过去在西欧团体工作时,每每感觉到能力的不足,以至往往发生错误。因此我便早有来俄学习的决心。不过因为经济的困难,使我不能如愿以偿”,“我更感觉到而且大家都感觉到我对于共产主义的研究太粗浅”,“我能留俄一天,我便要努力研究一天,务使自己对于共产主义有一个相当的认识。我还觉得我们东方的青年,自由意志颇觉浓厚,而且思想行动也很难系统化,这实对我们将来的工作大有妨碍。所以,我来俄的志愿,尤其是要来受铁的纪律的训练,共产主义的洗礼,把我的思想行动都成为一贯的共产主义化。我来莫的时候,便已打定主意,更坚决地把我的身子交给我们的党,交给本阶级。从此以后,我愿意绝对的受党的训练,听党的指挥,始终为无产阶级利益而争斗。”(转引自亚历山大?瓦季莫维奇?潘佐夫、达利娅?亚历山大洛夫娜?斯皮恰克的文章。译者陈鹤。原始文献参见俄罗斯国家社会政治历史档案馆,全宗530,目录2,卷宗5,第175页。)

邓小平被分在第七学习小组,与蒋经国等国民党高官在一个小组。

在此期间,邓小平见证了苏联新经济政策的实行,同时也广泛阅读苏共领袖对于政策的理论文章:“新经济政策的思想包含我们利用农民、小生产者甚至是资产阶级对国民经济的首创精神,允许私人积累,最为重要的意义是使其客观上服务于社会主义国家工业,以至整个国民经济。总之,要对所有农民和他的所有阶层说:要丰富、积累、发展自己的经济。只有白痴才会说,我们应该一直贫穷。现在我们应该实行的是使我们的贫穷消失的政策。”(《布哈林选集》)列宁认为,“试图完全禁止、封锁一切依赖几百万小生产者实现的私人的、非国家的交换,即贸易,即资本主义的发展的政策是愚蠢的,因为这种政策对于尝试它的政党来说等于自杀。其愚蠢,在于这种政策从经济角度来说是不可能的;说其等于自杀,因为尝试类似政策的政党会慢慢崩溃。”(《论粮食税》,《列宁全集》第43卷)

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