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战后中国与日本签订了马关条约,中国退出了朝鲜半岛,割让辽东半岛和台湾给日本,支付二亿两白银的战争赔款。中国为了筹措给日本的战争赔款,以领土和利权为担保向列强借款。于是列强的侵略进一步扩大,中国也沦落为半殖民地的状态。
与初中历史教科书相比,高中教科书介绍了近代以后中日两国的对朝政策,指出中国为了将朝鲜作为自身安全的屏障,加强了对朝鲜内政外交的干涉,扩大了对朝鲜的经济侵略;日本则将朝鲜视为本国的利益线和未来侵略中国的跳板,不断扩大在朝鲜的势力。这样就造成了中日两国在朝鲜的对立,结果日本利用东学农民运动为借口控制了朝鲜政府,并挑起了甲午中日战争。初中历史教科书强调的是甲午战争对日本的影响,而高中历史教科书更多强调的是甲午战争对中国造成的影响。
除了中学历史教科书关于甲午战争的叙述之外,韩国国史编纂委员会推出的多卷本《韩国史》也值得我们关注,因为作为官方机构(直属于教育与人力资源部的副部级机构),国史编纂委员会推出的史书在一定程度上也代表了官方的看法。这套多卷本《韩国史》是根据时间顺序按专题编写的,其中的第四十卷是甲午战争和甲午改革专题。在谈到这场战争的性质时,该书认为“从十九世纪后期东亚的国际秩序来看,甲午战争是一场事先可以预见的武力侵略战争,但与其称为传统上一国对另一国的侵略战争,似乎更应该称其为成功实现国民国家的一国对尚以天下观定义自身的国家发动的侵略战争”,同时又是“中国、日本、朝鲜等相关国家间的国际秩序以日本为中心进行重组、同时决定了这些国家近代化方向的历史性战争”。在甲午战争中,“日本在朝鲜追求的最终政策目标是确保阻止俄罗斯南下所需要的战略设施,进一步强化江华岛条约签订以后构建的不平等条约体制,从根源上获得进行资本积累的各种利权,并最终将朝鲜变成日本的保护国”。
该书还分析了这场战争对三个当事国的影响。首先对日本来说,由于确保了台湾作为殖民地,日本得以成为亚洲的帝国主义国家,同时以从中国获得的巨额赔偿为基础,日本加快了资本主义的经济发展和军备扩张;其次对中国来说,不仅被剥夺了对朝鲜的宗主权,还割地赔款,开放具有重要意义的长江流域的产业地区,从而沦落为帝国主义竞相争割的对象,对内对外遭遇了封建王朝崩溃的危机。最后对成为这场借口的朝鲜来说,在战争中差点成为日本保护国的朝鲜除进行了空前的制度改革(甲午更张或甲午改革)之外,遭受了日军占领景福宫、东学义兵失败、闵妃被弑害等壬辰倭乱以来最严重的民族灾难。
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