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朱元璋设不许宦官干政铁牌 被哪个太监派人给砸了

2016-12-15 14:25:23   徐佳

明代宦官擅权乱象

其实,即使那块铁牌不被王振毁掉,也只不过是废铁一块。这又是为什么呢?

众所周知,有明一代宦官专权现象极为严重,那块禁止宦官干政的铁牌根本没有起到效果。明末清初思想家黄宗羲甚至说:“阉宦之祸,历汉唐宋相寻无已,然未有若明之为烈也。”认为明代达到了宦官专权的顶峰。

明代宦官集团掌握的权力之大,也是让人瞠目结舌。择其要者言之,一是在政治上掌握“批红”之权,朝廷大事均由内阁用蓝笔“票拟”进呈,然后再由皇帝用朱笔“批红”批准。明朝中后期,皇帝普遍怠政,甚至数十年不上朝,于是宦官趁机攫取了“批红”大权,使“内阁之票拟,不得不决于内监之批红,而相权转归之寺人”。二是在军事上掌握“监军”之权。在明初还只是临时派遣宦官到部队监军,正统年间,全国军事重镇“俱设镇守太监”。有意思的是,李自成围攻北京前夕,崇祯皇帝还组织北京4万名宦官军训,号称“净军”,宦官竟然成为皇帝最后的军事依靠,结果一触即溃、开门投降。三是在司法上掌握“厂卫”之权。明代宦官控制了东厂、西厂、内行厂、锦衣卫等特务机关,凌驾于三法司之上,直接逮捕、关押、审判朝廷官员,动不动就用廷杖来惩戒大臣,树立威信。四是在经济上掌握“监税监矿”之权。万历之后,宦官被派遣到全国各地,“吸髓饮血”,监管税收、食盐、采矿、采办、织造等重要经济事项,掌握了朝廷经济命脉。宦官还大规模侵占百姓耕地,且不向朝廷缴纳赋税。武宗时期宦官谷大用一人即侵占京畿良田万余顷,其他的大宦官更是可想而知。

规矩是怎么被打破的

那么问题来了,既然明太祖定下了铁打的规矩,为什么事情会搞成这个样子,究竟发生了什么,规矩是怎么被打破的呢?

破坏大规矩往往是从破坏小规矩开始的。除了树立铁牌制定“大规矩”之外,明太祖还制定了一些配套的“小规矩”,比如在《钦定皇明祖训》里规定“不许宦官读书识字”。到了宣德四年,宫里却专门设立了内书房,专门教小太监读书识字,但竟然没有大臣对此发表异议,大学士还亲自跑去当老师。千里之堤溃于蚁穴,正是这类“小规矩”被一点点突破,“大规矩”才终于完全倒塌。

规矩的落实缺乏制度保障。明代政治制度在设计上存在一个巨大的漏洞,那就是缺乏对宦官的权力约束机制。整个宫廷的宦官均由皇帝一人统率,外廷几百家大小衙门对宦官群体缺乏管辖权和监督权,甚至宦官犯法,都由内廷审判,皇帝裁决。能不能管好宦官,只能依靠皇帝一人。规矩之所以为规矩,就在于违反规矩要承担后果。明代多次发生宦官严重干政的现象,文官集团唯一能做的就是向皇帝上书,要求皇帝予以惩治,但实际上却没多大效果。比如正德年间,户部尚书韩文上书“请诛乱政内臣马永成等八人”,皇帝没有采纳,反而更加重用这些宦官,却将韩文罢免。(《明史·武宗本纪》)

行文至此,忽然想起史书上的一段记载,似乎可以作为这段历史的一个注脚。公元1659年12月,南明永历小朝廷被清军追杀,从云南逃入缅甸境内,在那里,永历君臣住在茅草屋,衣衫褴褛,饥餐露宿,连最后几百名大明禁卫部队也全部被缴械。吴三桂的追兵隔着几个山头虎视眈眈,缅甸贵族也磨拳擦掌,计划生擒永历帝献给清军。而最让人吃惊的是,就在这种朝不保夕、势如危卵的环境下,大明最后的宦官头目竟然还因为一点小事,在茅草屋外当众廷杖大臣,作威作福。明代宦官干政真是坚持到了最后时刻。(事见《狩缅纪事》)当然,从本质上讲,宦官群体也是封建专制皇权的牺牲品。能够专权的宦官不过是千分之一,绝大多数都生活在深宫的底层,水深火热。而正是这千分之一的专权宦官,对国家的历史走向造成了恶劣影响。

反思这段历史,似乎可以归纳几点教训。铁打的规矩必须防微杜渐,不能对破坏规矩的“小事”视而不见;铁打的规矩必须有铁打的纪律来维护,破坏规矩应该承担相应的后果,日常监督应有健全的制度体系。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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