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慈禧第一次看见汽车问:跑这么快 要吃很多草吧

2016-12-08 14:16:44   

本文摘自:人民网,作者:佚名,原题:《揭秘:慈禧不愿“屈尊”乘坐老爷车》

如果说南怀仁设计的那辆蒸汽车是第一辆概念车,那么袁世凯送给慈禧的就是北京历史上第一辆真正的汽车了。不论怎样,这对北京来说还是新鲜玩意儿。身为北洋大臣直隶总督,总想着怎样讨好这位“老佛爷”。事有凑巧,正赶上慈禧太后67岁生日,献上这个时髦贡品,让老太太开个洋荤,与南怀仁讨巧康熙皇帝有相似之处。

太后对这辆汽车并不像康熙皇帝那样喜欢,从心里像是有隔阂。这与闭关自守的国度有关,那不过是外国人的奇技淫巧。坐惯了轿子、马车,并不拿它当回事。检阅贡品时,听说这辆洋车不用马拉就能跑,难以置信,立即口谕:当场表演。看到汽车真的“隆隆”跑起来,慈禧太后马上产生联想,情不自禁地问:“这车跑得这么快,要吃许多草吧?”

关于慈禧乘车,传出许多故事。慈禧太后得到车后,招纳学开车的人。一位名叫孙富龄的太监头脑灵活,很快就跟外国人学会了开车,成了慈禧太后的御驾司机。一天,慈禧太后坐车去城隍庙玩得很开心,赏了一碗酒给孙富龄。酒劲上来,头脑发晕,那也得继续开车呀。本来路面戒了严,不知怎的,忽从胡同里蹿出个小太监,孙富龄心慌意乱,一时竟找不到刹车的位置,可怜小太监就这样稀里糊涂地送了命。按当时的规矩,孙富龄属于正常驾驶,没人问罪。而这一惊,吓着了慈禧太后,负责戒严路面的人和小太监的头儿一应人等,都受到了严厉惩罚。

据说慈禧太后乘车去颐和园游览。驶出紫禁城后,她突然发现,“马车夫”不仅坐着,竟然还敢坐在前面,与自己平起平坐。这还了得,有失体统,立即责令“马车夫”跪下。慈禧的话是圣旨,哪敢不从。司机只好跪着驾驶。手不能代替脚去踩油门儿和刹车,路上险些酿成大祸。这可吓坏了当时的王公大臣,纷纷下跪,乞求慈禧不要冒这个险。无奈,慈禧被人搀扶下车,中途还是换上她的十六抬大轿。

裕容龄是慈禧御前女官,在所著《清宫琐记》中记述:慈禧因为开车的司机要坐在她前面,所以未曾乘坐过。可查《北京志·汽车工业志》:“因司机无法按慈禧的‘圣谕’跪着驾驶,慈禧不愿‘屈尊’乘坐。”而《北京志·颐和园志》记载:“该汽车因长期存放,早已损坏。不只引擎早已不能发动,且前车灯、方向盘丢失,皮坐垫及车篷顶已破烂不堪。”直到“文化大革命”后,颐和园将老态龙钟的御用汽车整修,在德和园陈列,供游人参观。

对这辆花了1万两白银购进的汽车的“身份”,至今还有争议。有人认为它是第二代奔驰牌小轿车,也就是德国生产的。《北京志·汽车工业志》中记述:“北京第一辆汽车是……德国19世纪90年代的产品,式样几近欧洲18世纪的马车,功率约为4马力,时速15公里~20公里。”《北京志·颐和园志》也有类似记载:在1976年,德国奔驰汽车公司的三位工程师来到颐和园,看到这辆车,确认为是1899年该公司生产的第二代“奔驰”,并且愿意用10辆新车换走这辆汽车。另有说法,认为这辆汽车是美国生产的。交通部高级工程师王华鹏认为:应是美国图利亚牌汽车。“图利亚”是美国人图利亚兄弟,他们从1893年开始设计制造汽车。

这辆老爷车究竟由哪国生产还不好下结论。《中国交通运输史》的主编陆士井认为:早期汽车制造也是由多个厂家合作组装,是否“奔驰”厂家的产品,也难确定。

巧合的是北京汽车博物馆里也展示着一辆老爷车。相关人员介绍,这辆车是美国兄弟在1902年或1903年生产的,并且认为,颐和园那辆车经过改装,可能生产时间略早些。经过比较,两辆车在外形和结构上有很多相似之处,有可能同属一个公司制造。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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