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相比之下,山西历来缺粮,山西商人要享受“食盐开中”政策,只有推着独轮车到山东买粮,再贩运边关,是为颇费周折的“买粮换引”,而徽州远离边塞,山高路远,徽州商人更无力参与其中。这也是明朝初年陕商比晋商、徽商起步较早的重要原因。
但陕西商人独享的“特区”政策,到明朝中叶为之一变。明弘治五年(1492年),主管财政和税务的户部尚书叶淇上任不久,就将输粮换引的“开中法”,改为以银换引的“折色法”,也就是说,商人不必再千里迢迢送粮食到边关,而是直接拿出白银购买盐引,即能获得贩卖食盐的许可。叶淇是山阳人(今江苏淮安),此举显然打破了陕西及山西等“边商”固有的优势,给了地理上更接近两淮、以徽商为主之“内商”进入利润丰厚的盐业经营的良机。
自此,留在西北边塞种粮食已失去经济上的意义,陕西商人和山西商人一起,纷纷来到运河沿岸的两淮食盐转运枢纽扬州,成为专业盐商。据记载,当年会集扬州的陕西商人不下500人,名声显赫者有“三原之梁,泾阳之张、郭,西安之申,潼关之张,(他们)兼籍故土,实皆居扬”,这标志着一个冲出潼关、走向全国的陕西商帮开始成型。
正是在扬州,他们与蓄势已久、雄心勃勃的徽州盐商狭路相逢了。
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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