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抗美援朝初美军“不堪一击” 致中方战略判断失误

2016-12-06 15:08:17   

因此,他在12月8日的电报中提出,如对敌人“不能给以歼灭性打击”,即使能够越过三八线或取得汉城也不宜这样做,并建议在三八线以北数十里停止进军,来年春天再战。聂荣臻接到彭德怀的电报后,也认为部队亟需休整补充,况且在第一线兵力上,中国军队也不占绝对优势,因而建议推迟两个月发动下一次战役。但在彭德怀发出电报的同一天,金日成发表了告人民书,号召“向祖国解放战争的胜利总进军”,把“美国武装侵犯者和李承晚卖国匪帮送进坟墓”。莫斯科也建议中国应“趁热打铁”,继续进攻。

这时,联合国及印度、英国、瑞典等国代表不断探询中国接受停战的条件。为了掌握主动,周恩来请示莫斯科,准备以书面方式递交中国政府拟定的五项停战条件。苏联政府立即回电,说斯大林“完全同意”中国提出的条件,同时强调“不满足这些条件,军事行动就不能停止”。但另一方面,苏联又建议中国暂不要提出这些条件,而等美国和联合国先提出条件。斯大林甚至起草了中国应如何回答这一问题的具体表述方法。于是,周恩来确定对停战谈判采取“他急我不急”的方针。

在这种背景下,北京当然不可能同意彭德怀暂停进攻的意见。毛泽东命令立即发起第三次战役,迅速突破三八线。他在给彭德怀的电报中说:“目前美英各国正要求我军停止于三八线以北,以利其整军再战。因此,我军必须越过三八线。如到三八线以北即停止,将给政治上以很大的不利。”“民主阵线各国亦必有些不以为然,发生许多议论”。从毛泽东完全同意越过三八线打一仗后全军主力就退后几十公里进行休整的态度看,他下令越过三八线多少是迫于苏联和朝鲜等社会主义阵营国家的压力,但也必须注意到,毛泽东此时并没有要改变其整体战略方针的念头。当志愿军攻占汉城后转入休整时,毛泽东向斯大林解释说,为了避免重犯人民军所犯过的错误,必须要有两三个月的休整,如此才能“最终解决南朝鲜问题”,“才能保障取得最后胜利”。51显然,毛泽东只是等待机会,以实现其内心的设想。正是毛泽东这种非要消灭或驱逐联合国部队的心态,使中国军队坐失了以胜利者结束战争的一次极其有利的机会。

1951年1月13日,即中国军队取得第三次战役的胜利以后,联大政治委员会讨论并通过了“朝鲜问题三人委员会”在十三国提案基础上提出的关于解决朝鲜问题基本原则的“补充报告”。该报告建议,立即实现停火;举行一次政治会议以恢复和平;外国部队分阶段撤出,并安排朝鲜人民进行选举;为统一和管理朝鲜做出安排;停火之后召开一次由英、美、苏和共产党中国参加的会议,以解决远东的问题,其中包括台湾的地位和中国在联合国的代表权问题。

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