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抗美援朝初美军“不堪一击” 致中方战略判断失误

2016-12-06 15:08:17   

美国军队意外地“不堪一击”以及苏联空军的及时参战63使毛泽东充满了必胜的信心,从而对战争总体形势做出了错误的判断。

长津湖之战后败退的美军 资料图

本文摘自:人民网,作者:沈志华,原题:沈志华:论中国出兵朝鲜决策的是非和得失,节选

毛泽东在他第一次决定出兵时就明确地设定了这样的战略方针——“在朝鲜境内歼灭和驱逐美国及其他国家的侵略军”,而且必须速战速决。毛泽东以其与国民党作战的经验盲目地认定,中国军队一个战役即可消灭美军几万人。40得知苏联空军要在两个半月以后才能出动的消息后,毛泽东只是调整了入朝作战的部署,即只与南朝鲜军作战,或在平壤至元山以北山区组织防御,争取时间装备训练,等候苏联空军到来后再打。但这并不表明毛泽东改变了战略方针。因为毛泽东紧接着又指出,“在六个月以后再谈攻击问题”,即在“空中和地上均对敌具有压倒的优势条件之后,再去攻击平壤、元山等处”。毛泽东还提到下一步要“打大仗”。

当战场的实际情况不允许中国部队阻击待援时,毛泽东和彭德怀确定了以运动战消灭敌军的策略,但仍然没有改变整体战略。在列举了不应准备进攻的平壤、元山、汉城、大丘和釜山等城市后,毛泽东紧接着便指出:“待我飞机大炮的条件满足之后把这些城市逐一打开。”尽管毛泽东这时提到了一个与后来战争命运悠关的问题,即“迫使”美国与中国进行外交谈判的可能性,但他对这种前景似乎并没有寄予很大期望,在毛泽东看来,美国政策的改变只会出现在几个美国师被歼灭之后。

总之,不管环境和条件如何,毛泽东在未与美国开战之前就确定的战略方针是在最短的时间内消灭或驱逐美国军队,而事实证明,这一方针是中国军队力所不及的,也超出了其安全目标需要的客观限度。

当中国军队带有某种偶然性地进行了两次非常成功的运动战以后,不仅莫斯科和平壤受到极大鼓舞,要求毛泽东按照其既定战略走到底,就是毛泽东本人也产生了盲目乐观的情绪。如同仁川登陆成功使美国产生了轻敌思想一样,志愿军首战告捷使毛泽东毫不怀疑其战略方针的正确性。然而,恰恰在这时,现实环境和客观条件表明毛泽东设定的战略方针是难以执行的。作为前线总指挥,彭德怀看到,经过两个战役后,部队疲惫不堪,病员增加,没有冬装,弹药和粮食也接济不上。

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