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中情局档案:美国曾在朝战中犯下两个战略情报错误

2016-11-10 14:33:20   


  该报告认为,美国措不及防是因为华盛顿的政治和军事领导决策圈顽固地认为,只有苏联才能够做出进攻的决定,而进攻将成为世界大战的序曲。华盛顿自信地认为,苏联人不敢走这一步,因此朝鲜不会攻入南方。

  中情局在1950年6月19日对朝鲜军事能力的报告上明确地阐述了这一点。这一报告说:“朝鲜是被紧密控制的苏联卫星国,它没有独立的政策,它的存在完全依赖于苏联的支持。”该报告指出,虽然朝鲜能够控制南方的部分地区,但是如果没有苏联或者中国的支持它很可能没有能力消灭南方的政府。苏联不会提供这种帮助,因为它不想挑起全面战争。

  中国介入,完全是发疯?

  该文件说,8月份,苏联、中国和朝鲜的领导人意识到,美军的大规模介入将击败朝鲜军队。这对中国是很大的威胁。8月4日,毛泽东在中国共产党政治局的一次会议中说,如果美国在朝鲜半岛取得胜利,这将威胁到中国。8月末,中国在各方面都对朝鲜军队被击败以及美国占领朝鲜表现出担忧。同一时期,美国远东司令部的情报估计,大约有20多万解放军和30多万民兵部署在中朝边界附近。

  9月末,中国已经通过外交渠道表示对美国占领朝鲜的担忧。当时的人民解放军首长在北京告诉印度大使,中国不会允许美军接近中国领土。印度外交部长将这一信息转达给美国驻印度大使。在华盛顿,英国大使同样向美国国务院传达了同样的信息。美国驻苏联大使报告,苏联和中国的有关人士告诉英国和荷兰大使,如果外国军队跨过三八线,中国将出兵。

  尽管中国人发出了这些警告,但是麦克阿瑟继续朝北进攻,力图消灭朝鲜军队。美国国务卿同样忽略了中国人的警告,他对媒体表示,中国介入“完全是发疯”。

  10月12日,中情局在一份题为《远东的严峻形势——中国在朝鲜半岛进行全面干涉的威胁》的评估报告中说,“尽管中国在朝鲜半岛全面干涉依然被看作有可能,但是考虑到众所周知的原因让我们得出结论:除非苏联决定发起全球大战,那么中国介入在1950年是不大可能的。”

  10月中旬,多个情报显示,中国准备进行武装干涉。中情局报告,中国开始从国外购买大量医疗物资。国民党在中国东北的特工向中情局提供情报称,人民解放军在边境地区有30万军队。10月20日,中情局错误地对这一系列情报做出了解释:中国军队进入朝鲜是为了保护鸭绿江上的水电站。10月25日,中国发起了第一轮攻势。但是美国人质疑战场上韩国军队传来的报告,他们坚持认为中国军队没有能力。

  11月初,战场上的报告再也不能让华盛顿安心。美军第一骑兵师的一个团首次和中国军队遭遇,美军伤亡惨重。11月4日,第一骑兵师发现它正面对5个师的中国军队,同时海军陆战队第一师发现它正和3个师的中国军队作战。此时麦克阿瑟依然不愿意相信中国军队大规模入朝参战。

  11月中旬,美军远东司令部报告称,已经在朝鲜发现12个师的中国军队。11月24日,《国家情报评估》称,中国有能力进行大规模的军事行动,但是没有迹象表明大规模的进攻正在进行。但就在当天,中国军队发动了第二轮攻势,迫使美国陆军第八军仓惶逃命,而美国海军陆战队第一师的大多数部队被包围并面临被全歼的威胁。

  几天之后,麦克阿瑟才不得不面对现实:他向鸭绿江的“战争结束”攻势已经完结,胜利遥遥无期。11月28日,麦克阿瑟报告说,他面对20万人民解放军和一场全新的战争。麦克阿瑟再次大大错估了中国军队的数量,但这的确是一场“全新战争”。


责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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