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北宋晚期一次长达10年的“大折腾”

2016-10-31 14:52:28   秦海

原载于《同舟共进》2009年第4期

北宋者,北宋也,非金人也——实乃长达10年的内斗“大折腾”也。

北宋的第六个皇帝宋神宗赵顼执政时,任用王安石为宰相,实行变法。这是中国历史上一次重要的改革。

改革一开始,即受到以司马光为代表的保守派的抵制和反对,苏轼、苏辙兄弟也站在保守派一方。但赵顼还是努力坚持下来,尽管有过动摇。可惜的是,赵顼只执政18年,38岁就“驾崩”了。他的儿子赵煦即位,即宋哲宗。当时赵煦还是个娃娃,于是由太皇太后也就是赵煦的奶奶垂帘听政。太皇太后本就不同意改革,一旦垂帘听政立即重用司马光为宰相,将王安石的变法全盘推翻。保守派得势,改革派或被贬官,或被逐出朝堂。

然而8年后,太皇太后死,赵煦亲政,马上重新重用当初支持变法的人士,把保守派赶出朝堂或贬往外地,处分之严厉,远远超过了保守派得势时对变法派的处分。太皇太后垂帘听政时的年号为“元祐”,保守派也因此被称为“元祐党人”。此时司马光已死,但仍被追贬,几乎被破棺鞭尸;他主编的《资治通鉴》险些被毁版,多亏有宋神宗为之作序,才逃过一劫。苏轼兄弟则一贬再贬,开封(当时是京城)的上清储祥宫立有一方石碑,其文乃苏轼所撰,也被毁弃,改由蔡京撰文并书写。而元祐年间各地所立之碑刻纪事等,悉令毁之。严厉清查的元祐党人竟达七八百名,不但他们自己永不得叙用,连他们的子孙也大受牵连。

宋哲宗赵煦真正在位只有6年多,死后由他的弟弟端王赵佶继位——这就是写得一笔“瘦金体”书法的宋徽宗。宋徽宗执政之初,贬斥了哲宗时严厉整肃元祐党人的几个朝臣,并给司马光等恢复名誉。但这位“书法家”皇帝是反复无常之人,不久就又对元祐党人再次整肃,且更为严厉,称呼也上升为“元祐奸党”。他下令将司马光为首的“奸党”309人刻名于石,立于朝堂,各州各县亦刻之,苏轼、秦观、黄庭坚均在其中。名列“奸党”的人的著作统统焚毁。“奸党”子弟无论有官无官均不得随便进京,只能居住于外地。赵家宗室不得与“元祐奸党”或“奸党”之亲戚结婚,已订婚尚未成礼者应予退婚。以“元祐”学术、政事聚徒传授者,严罚无赦。

在这种险恶的政治气候下,官员唯恐与“元祐奸党”有染,为了证明自己立场坚定或为了升迁,都对“奸党”口诛笔伐。若想攻击某个官员,则只需对他的言论寻章摘句,对他的行为吹毛求疵,找出他是“奸党”的蛛丝马迹。于是,整个朝廷甚至整个官场都把主要精力放在了对“奸党”的追究和斗争上—— 一时间,这成了朝廷、官场的“头等大事”。虽然两年多后,赵佶又下旨毁掉朝堂的“元祐奸党”石碑,各州各县亦毁之,对“元祐党人”的处分有所宽松,“可复仕籍,许其自新”,但整个官场已被整得千疮百孔了。而且这种朝令夕改,也使官员心有余悸,无所适从。苏轼、黄庭坚的诗文仍为禁书,收藏者必须焚毁,否则以“大不公论”。这就使当时的官场、当时的社会仍不能不“紧绷”着这根神经。

宋徽宗宣和七年(1125年),“书法皇帝”赵佶也感到无法收拾局面,遂将皇位传给了太子赵恒,自己当起了只享福不管事的太上皇。赵恒(宋钦宗)只当了一年多皇帝,在此期间也想力挽狂澜,怎奈北宋王朝已病入膏肓,谁也不能妙手回春了。

靖康二年(1127年),金兵大举南下,宋军望风披靡。黄河天险竟然无兵防守。仓促从京城调派的宋军,一些人上马以后,“辄以两手捉鞍,不能施放,人皆笑之”——这样的军人还能打仗吗?很快,金兵便攻破开封,徽宗、钦宗父子双双当了俘虏,北宋由此灭亡。

北宋灭亡当然不全由这一场“窝里斗”所造成,但肯定同长达10年对“奸党”的整肃有密切的关系。唐人杜牧在《阿房宫赋》中说,“灭六国者,六国也,非秦也;族秦者,秦也,非天下也”。其实,灭北宋者,亦非金人也——实乃北宋自己,乃长达10年的内斗“大折腾”。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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