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毛泽东晚年自我评价 称自己是“中间派激进分子”

2016-10-21 17:51:19   罗斯·特里尔

1964年我曾来过中国,在这之后中国发生了太多的事情。但经过“文化大革命”的动荡后,视觉上看到的变化却很少。北京、上海、广州、西安和其他城市的布局几乎没有变化。毛泽东曾使全国上下充满了高昂的政治热情,现在他们又重新陷入混乱;体制变革没能持续下去。“文化大革命”是一场政治运动,但几乎没有制定增强国力或改善人民生活的计划。

红卫兵偏离毛泽东的指示进行造反,造成社会混乱不堪。在工厂和学校值勤的士兵建议建立新的军队领导,解散红卫兵。于是形势有了一定程度的扭转,社会恢复了秩序。但我发现60年代末的政治运动影响了经济发展,大批知识分子受到迫害。郭沫若告诉我,他后悔写了《中国古代社会研究》一书!我也知道,中国失去了亚洲和非洲一些国家的支持。

一个重大的外交政策转变可以从王府井的变化中反映出来。一座双层砖砌的防空洞从王府井书店一楼开始修建,向地下和两旁延伸。施工期间书店部分关闭。这一措施当然是为防备来自苏联的威胁。防空洞竣工时,整个书店恢复营业,防空洞的入口是隐蔽的。外交部一位官员告诉我说:“我们建造的防空洞要把全体北京人都保护起来。”

我参观了公社、学校和工厂后,心中不免疑惑。把“极‘左’派”和“修正主义者”混为一谈似乎忽视了左倾与右倾思想的真正区别。参观中国共产党在上海成立的旧址时,我不相信陈独秀是“假马克思主义者”。还有,“自留地”在农村经济中的作用也很难说清楚,有人说好,有人则完全否定,这一点让人难以理解。我在想,如果“自留地”没有对中国的发展造成损失,为什么在新中国成立22年后,数百万旧社会的地主仍然因为家庭背景而被孤立于社会生活之外呢?

我质疑:像大学这样并非军事力量的用武之地,革命委员会手里的军事权力还能在大学这样的地方持续多久?工农兵三方有高度的一致性,但在现代化进程中还能成为平等和谐的伙伴吗?在北京大学,我问罗伯特·温德(他长期住在校园里),晚些时候是否能在电话上同他深入探讨一些问题。由于房间里站着两个解放军战士,温德悄悄递给我一张纸条,“我不相信电话,写信更安全些。”

有时我被带着参观某处似乎还在修葺的房子。我被领到指定的屋里,但不知道这所房子总共有多大,也不知道巨大的帘子背后有些什么。毛泽东当政时期,这种神秘部分源于中国“常态”的迷惑性。毛泽东后期的这种“常态”不是公民社会的常态,而是(特定时期的)政治产物。惠特拉姆带领的澳大利亚代表团很喜欢上海。我们抵达的那天晚上,空气闷热,不时有雷声滚过,黄浦江上悬着一轮明亮的满月。比起规规矩矩的北京城,上海的街道交错纵横,让人好不兴奋。人行道上的人们衣着轻便,晚上坐在竹席或藤椅上歇凉。好奇的人们流露出对外国来访者的欢迎。一群人望着我们,周南解释说:“他们想看看澳大利亚人长什么样!”

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