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毛泽东谈内战时请求斯大林军事援助:连屁都没得到

2016-10-20 14:57:34   大卫·哈伯斯塔姆

毛泽东与斯大林合影 资料图

本文摘自:人民网,作者:(美)大卫·哈伯斯塔姆,原题:毛泽东访苏受冷落临时下令卸下送给斯大林的礼物,节选

斯大林和毛泽东的关系可以追溯到中国内战初期,两人始终互不信任、相互猜忌。这一点也不奇怪。他们两人都认为自己是共产主义者,但同时又是民族主义者。他们或许偶尔会大谈特谈共产主义的兄弟情,如何团结两个大国、团结世界大众。但事实上,他们在对视时看到的是潜在敌人的身影。从毛泽东的角度看,苏联始终是一个超然物外的保守力量这个庞然大物只关心对自己有利的东西,而对帮助尚未夺取政权的潜在友邦少有兴趣。20世纪20年代时,毛泽东在和蒋介石军队的对抗中处于下风,那时他认为,苏联人更喜欢蒋介石。后来,在接近最后的胜利时,苏联人对中共中央政治局委员、东北地区领导人高岗的支持,也曾经让毛泽东愤愤不平。他经常提到,在内战期间,中国共产党曾多次向苏联请求军事援助,但是用毛泽东自己的话说,“连个屁都没得到”。而在斯大林的眼中,毛泽东或许姑且可以算做共产主义者,但更有可能还算不上一个共产主义者,因为他缺乏与无产阶级的联系,而中国本身也缺少工人阶级他太像一个农民了,结果他不信任中国共产党人。他在二战期间曾说,“他们很像萝卜:红皮白心”。苏联在二战期间没有为中国提供过什么有价值的支援,美国人知道这一点。当时到访延安的西方人、外交官、新闻记者、迪克西使团成员、协助中共的战略情报局军情人员,都听过中共官员公开抱怨苏联不提供援助他们希望苏联人能为中国的抗日战争多做点实事(中共军队的作战能力给迪克西使团的成员留下了深刻印象,他们私下里非常轻蔑国民党军队)

在那个特定的历史时刻,美中双方失去了一次营造和平的机会呢?如果两国政府再多一点点智慧,在地缘政治方面再多一点点运气,它们或许就能碰巧达成一项不稳妥的协定——至少可以争取一些时间,直到形势有所缓和。或许最具讽刺意义的是,美国外交界当时居然惊人一致地得出这样的结论:共产党阵营是铁板一块。更重要的是,双方对局势的误判让共产党阵营更加像“铁板一块”。如果要为那段逝去的历史镌刻一段墓志铭的话,那应该是:在某种程度上,美国和中国都被斯大林耍弄至死。

随着毛泽东越来越接近于接掌中国的大权,斯大林与毛泽东个人以及两国关系开始日趋紧张。斯大林绝不会拿苏联的资源、苏联的国家利益或是苏联人的鲜血,去追求所谓共产主义大家庭的伟大事业。他只相信用军队征服的东西,一旦被武力征服,他就用秘密警察去控制它。身边盘踞的这个幅员辽阔的社会主义国家,曾经有着辉煌而迥异的历史,执政者在没有他的帮助下上台,因而对他毫无感恩戴德之心——一想到这个,他就提不起精神。因此,早在两人真正对立之前,毛泽东就是斯大林的潜在对手了。

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