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美国呕心沥血研制F-111B顶尖舰载机却超重的下场

2016-10-17 15:05:35   郑平刚 张乃千

而他的同胞兄弟,大名鼎鼎的F-111A战斗轰炸机,拥有尾部能够喷火的拉风模样,同时兼具变后掠翼、涡扇发动机和低空地形追踪雷达等众多在当时属于先进的技术。其后续改进型F-111F战机在美军轰炸利比亚和海湾战争中大放异彩,仅海湾战争23天时间内就完成664架次轰炸任务,所出动战机全部安全返回基地。

哪般武艺才上舰

正在起飞的F-111B

事实上,F-111B并不是没有开展过自我“救赎”。为解决严重的超重问题,通用动力公司和格鲁曼公司开始为F-111B量身定做名为“超级重量改进项目”(SWIP)的超级“减肥计划”。从第4架原型机开始的后续机型中,F-111B针对“瘦身”做了一系列尝试。然而,重量与性能,始终是一个难以平衡的天平。第4架F-111B舰载机安装了逃生舱,正好抵消了“超级重量改进项目”废了大半天时间实现的“减肥”效果。同时,由于F-111B的动力严重不足,航程在美国海军看来也算不上优秀,虽然又提出了多装燃油的方案增加航程,但同时进一步上涨了F-111B的吨位。最终美国海军放弃了希望,海上“土豚”被迫下马。

尽管光环无限,做一个舰载机也不容易,尤其是承担着繁荣任务和高度风险的舰载战斗机。舰载飞机应有良好的起飞性能、较低的着陆速度和良好的低速操纵性。单说是航空母舰上有限的起降跑道长度,就对舰载战斗机的机身提出了极高要求。目前除俄罗斯苏-33舰载机外,其他舰载战斗机多为轻型战斗机,并通过弹射器和拦阻索辅助起降。由于航空母舰上的空间“寸土寸金”,舰载机在缩小自身体积上下足了功夫,F/A-18E/F“超级大黄蜂”等战机采取折叠机翼设计,而法国的“阵风”战机则通过减小翼展的方式来进一步“压榨”自身的停放空间。此外,舰载机要在6级风、4~5级海浪的海况下仍能在航空母舰上起落,海水和潮湿的环境容易使飞机机体、发动机和机载设备严重腐蚀,舰载机必须要有较好的防腐蚀措施。而一旦着陆拦阻失败,舰载机发动机也必须具有较高的瞬间加速性能。

令F-111B欣慰的是,作为他的后继者,美国海军研制的F-14“雄猫”、F/A-18“大黄蜂”多用途重型舰载机在其后相继进入航母编队服役,并成为美军航母编队执行舰队防御、截击、打击和侦察等任务的力量中间。近期正式获得MQ-25A“黄貂鱼”命名的舰载无人机,意味着美国海军“联合无人空战系统”(JUCAS)项目已经步入正轨,下一步将从各类设计方案中选择最优解,确定舰载无人机的最终机型。更加小巧灵活的舰载无人机上舰,可在情报侦察、信息指挥和近距离打击等领域发挥独特优势,F-111B未实现的飞天梦想,总有后来者继续书写。

F-111B(BuNo 151970)翼下挂载的“不死鸟”导弹

首架 F-111B(BuNo 151970)

F-111B 的座舱布局

F-111B 三视图

F-111B 编队飞行,分别展示机翼最大后掠和最小后掠

F-111B 的长机翼可增加航程,后被 FB-111A 沿用

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