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美国呕心沥血研制F-111B顶尖舰载机却超重的下场
“珊瑚海”号上的F-111B
你可能难以想象,美国海军舰载机 发展历史上,竟然有费劲心血培育的战斗轰炸机因为机体超重而被迫下马的故事。这个英年早逝的故事主角,就是生于1965年的F-111B战机。经历了胎儿期的漫长周折和诞生时的阵痛,他终究还是没有孪生兄弟F-111A天生的好命——不仅在海湾战场大放异彩证明了自己,更成为美国空军历史上极具价值的一员。透过F-111B因超重而被美国海军抛弃夭折的历史,我们似乎还依稀能听到一个年轻的生命对于海天飞行的渴望与躁动。
天生一个“过劳肥”
F-111B 想象图
F-111战斗轰炸机,大名“土豚”(Aardvark),是美国通用动力公司于上个世纪60年代开始精心打造的多用途中距离战斗/攻击机。“土豚”的诞生,不是偶然是必然,更是美国空军与海军迫于政治家独特眼光的一拍即合。早在1950年,美国空军就开始计划将“百字号”系列飞机F-100、F-101和F-105送回“飞机老年公寓”颐养天年,寻求以对地攻击为主、能执行高空轰炸任务的空中“新秀”成为当务之急。不巧的是,美国海军此时也在谋划推出一款以对空截击任务为主的舰载机。虽然之前两大军用品大咖各走各的“阳光大道”,但历史还是将他们撮合到了一起。
这位红娘就是1960年走马上任的美国国防部新任部长麦克纳马拉(Robert S. McNamara)。俗话说,新官上任三把火,麦克纳马拉部长上任伊始,就将其在福特汽车公司的经营管理手段带到了国防组织中,美军全军甚至都面临着巨大的考验和变革。正是在这位少年得志的部长极力要求下,一款同时满足海军、空军需求,甚至还可以为陆军和海军陆战队提供近地支援的“集大成”飞机项目TFX正式诞生。
尽管国防部给出了通用性强、成本低等看似合情合理的解释,但制造出可同时在高、低空范围内不同速度区间都兼具良好作战性能的“多能手”实属难事。为此,颇为头疼的项目研究人员甚至将关注点聚焦在当时尚未投入实用的“变后掠翼技术”以及海军做出妥协的并列座舱方案上。但随着项目的逐步深入,空、海两军在飞机的尺寸、重量和武器系统上的分歧越来越大,美国国防部不得不将通用性飞机拆分成空军型 F-111A 和海军型 F-111B,这意味着F-111B的噩梦真正开始。
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