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还原莫斯科保卫战五大真相:领导干部带头溃逃

2016-10-17 14:28:25   

真相之三:德军无法望见克宫

大家普遍认为,当时德军在距离莫斯科城32公里处进攻受阻,不过已经成功拿下莫斯科近郊、毗邻洛布尼亚的克拉斯纳亚·波里亚纳镇。有传闻说,当时德军将军们登上钟楼,拿望远镜远眺克里姆林宫。应该说,这个传闻听起来极具可信度。可实际情况虽,只有在睛空万里的夏天方能从克拉斯纳亚·波里亚纳镇远眺克宫,在飘雪的冬季根本办不到。

1941年12月2日,驻柏林的美国记者威廉·希列尔曾煞有其事地报道说:据他了解,当天德军第258师所属侦察营攻入莫斯科近郊的希姆基镇,并从那里用望远镜仔细观察了克里姆林宫塔楼。这个说法也不太靠谱,从希姆基也是无法远眺克宫的。更何况当天德军第258师并未参与围攻莫斯科的战斗,德军档案库里也没有找到该师攻占希姆基的证明材料。

真相之四:那个冬天不太冷

德军第2坦克集团军司令古德里安曾将兵败莫斯科城归咎于俄罗斯的严冬。他说,如果不是严寒的阻遏,德国人11月份就在克宫里饮酒庆功了。由于冰雪天气,德军坦克深陷雪地、大炮也因燃油被冻无法开动,攻击力大打折扣。但事实情况究竟如何呢?1941年11月4日莫斯科近郊的最低气温只有零下7度(此前10月份还多次下过雨,造成道路泥泞),而11月8日的最低温度是零度。虽然11月11至13日气温曾骤降至零下15度,但很快就回暖至零下3度,这样的天气很难被称之为“严寒”。真正严寒(零下40度)的降临是在12月5日苏联红军转入反攻之际。也就是说,严冬气候只是在苏联军队转入反攻追击德军之时起到一定作用,而残酷的莫斯科城下阻击战却是在并不太冷的气候条件下进行的。

真相之五:死命令难阻德军溃败

博罗季诺之战是莫斯科战役中一场关键战斗。一些著作将这场战斗描述得非常惨烈。事实情况却是,驻守博罗季诺的德军是一帮乌合之众,在苏联红军的凌厉攻势之下很快便败下阵来。

1942年1月21日,俄罗斯人与法国人时隔130年之后在博罗季诺战场再次相遇(编注:1812年夏,法国皇帝拿破仑率军入侵俄国,在博罗季诺曾与俄军进行过一次恶战)。这些法国士兵其实是德军的法籍雇佣军,共计2452人。他们的任务是守住博罗季诺,阻止住苏联红军的进攻。德军元帅冯·克鲁格在向雇佣军们做战前动员时说:“要像拿破仑那样英勇战斗!”事实上,这支雇佣军根本不经打,几天内便被彻底击溃:一半士兵阵亡,数百人被俘,余者带着冻伤被遣送后方。

其实,早在1941年12月16日,惊讶于德军溃逃的希特勒曾发布一道类似斯大林当年签署的死命令:“不许后退!”,“坚守阵地至最后一名士兵战死”,并威胁称如果溃逃,将枪毙负领导责任的师长。第4集团军参谋长布鲁门特里特在《致命决策》一书中写道:“希特勒已经意识到,部队在雪地上的撤退将导致整个战线的崩溃,我们的军队将重蹈拿破仑军队的覆辙。”结果不出希特勒所料:仅仅3年半之后,苏联红军便攻入了柏林……

责任编辑:张海潮
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