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无所不知到一无所知:抗战中的日军 “中国通”

2016-10-13 15:16:25   华西都市报

除了日军正式派遣的“中国通”以外,这一时期,日军也开始借助民间势力对中国进行渗透,代表就是著名的汉口乐善堂。乐善堂是日本人岸田吟香在中国建立的以销售眼药为主的贸易行。1888年,日军参谋次长川上操六派遣荒尾精中尉进入乐善堂,凭借其商业体系,开展情报工作。正是由于日军利用各种手段收集中国的情报,在甲午战争之前,日方完成了长达两千多页的中国情报大全《清商通览》,汇总了自明治维新以后日本间谍所收集的关于中国军事、政治、经济、文化、地理、交通等各方各面的情报,在情报战领域上完全压倒了中国。

甲午战争之后,中国对日本的看法由“蕞尔小邦 ”变为“东洋强国”,在各领域上开始向日本学习。到20世纪初,日本顾问已经渗透了中国的各个领域。1896年,中国政府聘用了第一名日本顾问,到1904年,中国政府中日本顾问的数量已经增加到218人。1898年,张之洞为武昌武备学堂聘用了大原武庆,这也是中国军队的第一名日籍军事顾问。据日方统计,到辛亥革命以前,日本军事顾问出现在保定、天津、安庆、武昌、南京、杭州、成都、贵阳、福州、广州等地。当时最热衷引入日本军事顾问的中国将领是袁世凯,1900年袁世凯以山东巡抚身份引入青木宣纯,随后又先后聘用了坂西利八郎、寺西秀武等人。在袁世凯的带动下,整个北洋系大量引入日本顾问。

同样是在袁世凯的帮助下,青木宣纯开始在北京建立日军在中国最初的情报组织。但是由于日俄战争爆发,青木与柴五郎等人都转向对俄及对东北情报,而为袁世凯服务的任务则被交给了坂西利八郎。这次任务交接,实际上导致了日军“中国通”中两大派系的出现,即坂西系和青木系。日本人有闹派阀的传统,加上当时日军在中国建立情报组织主要依靠个人关系,这使得日军“中国通”带有浓厚的派阀色彩。首先,是南派和北派之争,张之洞系统的寺西秀武(驻武昌)和本庄繁(驻上海)在辛亥革命爆发前后对南方革命党给予了大量的财力物力支持,甚至专门为革命党起义筹措武器。北方支持袁世凯的青木和坂西,则在日本国内四处游说,希望政府支持袁世凯统一南北。

“中国通”们的个人倾向,在随后几十年中,几乎成为“中国通”圈子里面最重要的事件,破坏了日本政府和军界对“中国通”的信任。例如在二次革命前后,“中国通”纷纷回国活动,或鼓吹中国南北妥协,或鼓吹袁世凯政府具有法统,坂西干脆趁此时抛出“中国吞并论”,要求日本政府直接介入中国。但正是因为“中国通”互相拆台,军部和山本权兵卫内阁判断中国局势错综复杂,最终日方选择静观其变,导致“中国通”们在中国各派系面前名誉扫地,日本国内也普遍认为“中国通”们因私废公。

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