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无所不知到一无所知:抗战中的日军 “中国通”

2016-10-13 15:16:25   华西都市报

日军在中国设立的情报机关,这些年经过国内文艺作品的渲染,被吹得神乎其神。实际上,这些情报机关,大部分是由各地“特派武官”在自己的私人班底基础上建立,或是在日军租界驻军基础上组建。日军参谋本部在20世纪20年代派兵干涉西伯利亚前,长期对中国各地“特派武官”自行建立的情报机关采取“不承认不干涉”的态度,这使得日本在华的特务机关带有浓厚的“私人色彩”,各机关之间缺乏合作,内部结构迥然不同。抗日战争爆发后,日军驻中国的特务机关呈现爆炸性增长,但这使得各单位之间在职能上出现重叠,但由于日军“中国通”的数量较为有限,大部分情报机关的工作效率较低。

除了以上几类“中国通”以外,日军中狭义的“中国通”还包括在中国活动的日本“军事顾问”。在日军中,军事顾问的正式称谓是“应聘将校”,顾名思义是由中国各派系招募,担任军事顾问角色的日军军官。日本军事顾问在中国活动的高峰出现在从辛亥革命爆发到“皇姑屯事件”,在这不到20年时间里,日本军人活跃在中国各派军阀之间,一度影响甚至控制了中国的军事、外交和政治的方方面面。日军中公认的几位“大佬”级“中国通”,如青木宣纯、坂西利八郎等人,都成名于中国军阀时代。随着张作霖被炸死,以及南方的国民党和共产党引入来自苏联、德国的军事顾问,日本顾问在中国军队中一家独大的情况被彻底打破。

“中国通”们互相拆台

讨论过“中国通”的定义,我们再来说说“中国通”的培养。日军对“中国通”的培养,主要得益于日本国家战略方向的影响,虽起步于甲午战争之前,但到日俄战争时期才形成一套较为固定的模式。

早在19世纪70年代,日军根据“征韩论”和“征台论”,就考虑培养针对中国的专业情报参谋人员,这一计划最初是以“清国派遣”的形式进行的。不过,甲午战争前日军在中国培养“中国通”方面始终收效甚微,一方面日军当时正在疯狂地学习西方列强,青年军官内部经常就到底应该学习英国、法国还是德国,发生争执。但“亲西方派”在轻视中国方面,却步调一致,因此即便陆士和陆大很早就建立了汉语教育课程,却应者寥寥。而且,在甲午战争之前,中日之间的交流有限,在中国定居的日侨可谓凤毛麟角。1873年,日军第一批“清国派遣”军官来到天津后发现,除了日本本愿寺派来传教的僧侣外,全天津仅有日侨一人。

但是,早期“中国通”还是为日军了解有关中国的情报,建立对华情报体系积累了相当多的经验。19世纪70年代,岛弘毅和相良长裕等人分别进入中国的东北、西北、华中和华南,通过旅行的方式,掌握了这些区域的地理和人文资料,找出了一些可供日军渗透的中国组织。在岛弘毅等人的影响下,第一批真正意义上的“中国通”开始出现,青木宣纯、柴五郎和小泽豁郎等人,为随后日军“中国通”的成功建立了范本。青木和柴等人,都在1884年前后进入中国,他们首先在上海开始学习汉语,随后分别向广东和北方进行渗透,柴五郎还绘制了日军最早的北京周边、东北及朝鲜地图。小泽豁郎在福建学习当地方言后,逐渐与中国国内的反清组织产生了联系。与后来日军“中国通”对中国革命组织单纯地利用不同,小泽豁郎出于朴素的“东亚保全论”,对中国国内的反清活动产生了同情。日本国内研究者用“进入角色”来评论小泽在甲午战争前放弃为日军收集情报的初衷,专心投入对中国革命者的支援工作。同时,小泽的行动,也被认为是日军“中国通”最初的“独断专行行动”。

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