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朱元璋为什么要删《孟子》:居然说民贵君轻

2016-10-11 13:45:18   张宏杰

这一说法充满矛盾。既然天下无道,“天将更其运祚”,被推翻是必然的,总得有第一个起来反对它的。站在“首乱”者的尸体上取得成功后,却又这样大言不惭地辱骂他们,实在是匪夷所思。绞尽脑汁,朱元璋的理论其实是要落脚于天下无道,为了生存,反抗也是可以理解的,但万万不要第一个揭竿而起。

说他狡猾也可以,说他愚蠢也可以,说他阴险也可以,说他坦率也可以,反正理论构建至此,朱元璋图穷匕见:不论怎么说,你们可千万不要造我大明的反。

为了说服愚民,他费尽口舌,推导出了宁可饿死,也强于造反之说。他说,元朝承平时,富无旁忧,贫有贫乐。纵迢天灾,“饥谨并臻,间有缺食而死者,终非兵刃之死。设使被兵所逼,仓惶投崖,趋火赴渊而殁,观其窘于衣食而死者,岂不优游自尽者乎?”也就是说饿死强于战死。所以宁可饿死,也不能反抗他的统治。他又从多方面论证这个主张,说造反其实没什么好处:从乱者并非俱能为人上人,除了那些“乱雄”和文武官吏外,“其泛常,非军即民,须听命而役之。呜呼,当此之际,其为军也,其为民也,何异于居承平时,名色亦然,差役愈甚。”

他在《大诰三编?造言好乱》一节中说:

且昔朕亲见豪民若干,中民若干,窘民若干,当是时,恬于从乱。一从兵后,弃撇田园宅舍,失玩桑枣榆槐,挈家就军,老幼尽行,随军营于野外……与官军拒,朝出则父子兄弟同行,暮归则四丧其三二者有之……饮食不节,老幼悲啼,思归故里,不可得而归。不半年,不周岁,男子俱亡者有之,幼儿父母亦丧者有之,如此身家灭者甚多矣。

也就是说,从概率论上分析,参加起义和叛乱,获得功名富贵的可能性是极低的。相反,给人家当炮灰的可能性却几乎是百分之百。通过这种“宁为太平犬,不为乱世人”的理论,朱元璋郑重警告百姓:宁可饿死,也不要起来造反。

说到这,我们就理解他为什么讨厌孟子了。

他删掉有恒产者有恒心的理论——有恒产当然有恒心,但无恒产也必须有恒心。也就是说,在朱元璋的统治之下,你纵然沦为赤贫,走投无路,也不得起造反之心。

他删掉帝王必须仁慈——对帝王不得有任何要求,什么样的帝王百姓都应该服从。

他不许批评商纣王——并不是朱元璋喜欢商纣王,要像郭沫若先生那样为商纣王翻案,而是因为他主张,即使皇帝如同商纣王一样荒淫无道,臣下也不应该批评,更不应该推翻。

历代皇帝可能也有人和朱元璋一样,读了孟子感觉不舒服,不过还从来没有人想到可以阉割孟子。因为孟子是儒学体系的核心,正如黄仁宇所言:“从个人说辩的能力和长久的功效两方面看,孟子在传统政治上的地位要超过孔子。”

朱元璋不一样。对于他这样赤手空拳开天辟地的人来说,没有什么是至高无上,神圣不可侵犯的。真正至高无上的是他自己,世间一切,包括所谓真理,都要为他服务。朱元璋相信孔孟之道,是因为他以为孔孟之道可以巩固他的统治。如果不利于他的统治,当然要改造它。对别人来讲骇人听闻的大逆不道,对他来说却完全符合逻辑。

责任编辑:张海潮
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