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从义结金兰到反目成仇:蒋介石冯玉祥之分合

2016-09-23 13:49:57   时代周报

蒋介石的崛起同黄埔军校分不开。孙中山为建立革命武力,于1924年6月成立黄埔军官学校,任命蒋介石为校长。同年10月,军校学生平定广州商团事变,蒋介石的黄埔系开始崭露头角。1925年2月,蒋介石率军校教导团以及粤军第一次东征,连战皆捷;6月,蒋介石又讨平了杨希闵、刘震寰的叛乱,巩固了广东这块革命根据地的同时,也为自己后来出任国民革命军总司令打下了坚实的基础。

冯玉祥成为国民联军的总司令颇有一番曲折。

冯玉祥本名冯基善,字焕章。1882年出生于河北保定,十一岁因家境贫寒失学,只得住在父亲的营盘里自修功课,其父希望替他补上兵额,领得一些“恩饷”以补助家庭用度。当时他父亲所在的清朝保练军是著名的“父子兵”,一般人是很难补得上的。后来营中终于有了一个缺额,管带苗某就说:“这回该叫冯大爷的儿子补上去。”主管人员问:“叫什么名字?”苗管带一时想不起来,又怕耽误这一机会,就随手写了“冯玉祥”三字。从此,这个名字就正式使用起来。

从军之后,冯玉祥历任哨长、队官、管带、协统、师长,一直做到陕西督军、河南督军、陆军检阅使等,以治兵严厉闻名。1924年9月,北洋军阀第二次直奉战争爆发,冯玉祥以直系部将,率所部自古北口班师回京,与老同盟会员胡景翼、孙岳两军会合,号国民一、二、三军,趁机倒戈,反吴佩孚发动首都革命。从此,国民军成为新兴崛起的独立军系。1925年1月,冯玉祥专任西北边防督办,将国民一军各部统辖于西北边防督办署,改称为西北陆军。

1926年初,由于曹锟、吴佩孚的直系联合张作霖的奉系在华北夹击冯玉祥的国民军,广东的军事委员会主席蒋介石指出,“国民军退出京津,尚未被完全消灭前,英、日两国比协定以奉军对西北之国民军,以吴佩孚对南方之广东革命军,故应联络国民军,使其退守西北,保留固有之势力;并于三个月内出兵北伐,在吴势力尚未充足之际,一举占领武汉。”

正是如此,1926年6月3日,蒋介石电邀冯玉祥来粤共筹大计。6月11日,人在苏联莫斯科的冯玉祥复电:“我救国军队非会师武汉,不能达救国之目的。”并电文派李鸣钟、刘骥全权赴粤会商。按照陶英惠教授的理解,蒋介石与冯玉祥互通函电,“可能自此始”。

其后,7月9日,广东国民政府誓师北伐。这年的9月16日,冯玉祥自苏联归抵五原,17日就任国民联军总司令。实际上,国民政府誓师北伐之时,国民军正在与直奉联军酣战。誓师之后的冯玉祥,收拾残局,重整旗鼓,正式加入国民革命行列,平定甘陕,出潼关而鏖战中原。

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