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权力之奴:揭秘三个晚清知识分子的从官之路

2016-09-12 14:41:19   徐世昌 中国经营报

截止到1899年,徐、陈二位早已屈从于权力的魅影,一味追逐官位,将所谓家国社稷、担道抗势之情怀置诸脑后。而荣庆好像还经得起诱惑,未完全变质。然而,不到一年,他也成为权力的奴仆。1900年初,时任山东巡抚的袁世凯拜访荣庆。此时恰逢荣母病重,袁热心为其推荐医生、馈赠物品。荣母去世,袁世凯先是“送经并焰口”,后待荣庆扶柩抵津,令“部下刘直牧永庆来吊,并代办火车一切”。实在是殷勤周至。其实荣庆对袁素无好感,但他明白,袁世凯背后的靠山是当朝大佬荣禄,与袁结好,便可攀上荣中堂这株参天大树。经过对道义与权势的一番慎重权衡甚或是痛苦的思想斗争,荣庆终抛弃了坚守半生的政治信仰,决心与权力合谋。一年后,荣庆便在荣禄的关照下,“奉旨署理仓督”。荣庆事后致函坦露心迹,表示不负栽培:“惟一点血诚,不愿让前人独步,而识力魄力,究不知撑到几分。”

放下了尊严,丢失了操守,突破了底线,背弃了理想,这三位“50后”剩下要做的,便是在追逐名利的仕途上一路狂奔。1901年,陈夔龙如愿外放河南布政使,获取吸金之肥缺。两年后,他升任河南巡抚。1903年,载振出任商部尚书,特保授徐世昌为商部左丞。徐之前仅是六品官员,一跃成为三品商部大吏,这种超常规提拔干部之举,在整个清代也堪称异数。次年,他更是跃升为巡警部尚书。1902年,清廷破格提拔荣庆任刑部尚书,旋即又调礼部尚书,复调户部,拜军机大臣、政务大臣。至1905年,荣庆晋协办大学士。仅仅六七年工夫,徐、陈、荣三人完成了普通京官需要数十年甚至一辈子都遥不可及的升迁之路。

荣庆

官运与国势

身居高位,权倾一方,拥有如此绝佳之政治平台,正值五十出头的当打之年,这三位“50后”完全可以施展其年轻时的宏大抱负。殊不知在威权体制下,权力场中之辈,由于屁股决定脑袋,他们往往眼光向上,更多从统治者的“最高指示”出发,其立足点无非四个字:“领导满意”。这在三人的政治行动中体现得淋漓尽致。

1906年夏,围绕是否预备立宪之问题,京城内新旧两派针锋相对,势若水火。一派引袁世凯、端方为头领,力主学习西方,推行立宪;一派则以铁良、荣庆为魁首,极力抵制立宪,横加阻挠。然而极富讽刺意味的是,慈禧最终却将草拟立宪懿旨的重任交予荣庆。这期间,袁世凯频频私下拜访,以期凭私谊影响荣庆。孰料之后面世的懿旨,无非以“规制未备,民智未开”为由,堂而皇之地将立宪步伐无限期顺延。想必荣庆当时费尽心机、搜肠刮肚,完全是揣摩老佛爷圣意而已。

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