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长征走过的松潘大草地几乎是红军的“死亡陷阱”

2016-09-09 15:31:09   新华网

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长征中,红军不仅翻越了终年积雪的大雪山,而且穿越了人迹罕至的茫茫水草地。长征走过的松潘大草地,对一路征战、饥寒交迫的红军而言,几乎是一个“死亡陷阱”。

草地恶劣的自然环境

松潘草地位于川北至甘南之间,是长江与黄河的分水岭。纵横300公里左右,面积约1.52万平方公里,海拔在3500米以上。说它是生命禁区、“死亡陷阱”,主要体现在以下几个方面。

一是恶劣的天气。徐向前回忆道:“茫茫大草原,草深过膝,沼泽遍地,荒无人烟。气候乍暖乍寒,变幻无常,忽而骄阳高照,忽而雨雪交加。”草地上经常笼罩着阴森迷蒙的浓雾,难辨方向,只有在太阳偶尔穿出云层时,才能纠正行军路线。红二方面军从甘孜到阿坝的草地行军正值雨季,部队露宿草地,帐篷不够只好用床单撑着挡雨,在湿漉漉的草地上度过寒夜。在一次风雪交加的行军中,仅红6师就牺牲了174人。

二是遍布沼泽。草地上河沟纵横,水寒刺骨,几乎每过一条河,都有身体虚弱的战士倒下。更可怕的是,软绵绵的草包下常隐藏着沼泽,稍有不慎,人和马都会陷下去。一位老红军曾回忆:“草地上有不少绿草覆盖的泥沼,都是陷人坑,人和牲口掉到里面,越陷越深,直至被吞没。一个人陷进去后,援救者用力过猛也会被带入深泥之中。”

三是荒无人烟。草地中没有人家,也没有路。董必武回忆说:“我们初听到草地这个名字,以为不过是人烟很少、草木浓密的地方。谁知草地是真草地,在地上看不见泥土,只看见草和水,不但没有人烟,简直没有人迹,所以也没有路,没有树木。”聂荣臻也曾说:“整个草地的景象,真是‘天苍苍,野茫茫’,千里沼泽,杳无人烟,‘鸟飞不下,兽铤亡群’。”

红军后勤保障的困难

恶劣的自然环境之外,红军自身的后勤保障也面临着一系列问题。除了长途行军、体力透支,最大的困难就是粮食缺乏。红军右路军(红一、红四方面军各一部)为通过草地,筹粮工作就进行了一个月。当时,红军经常是一天一顿、一顿半饱。为了战胜饥饿,红军将士们只好吃野菜、树皮、草根,甚至吃皮带、皮鞋等。

红二方面军从甘孜出发时,虽经多方努力,但只筹集到七八天的粮食。原计划10天后即可到达阿坝,由于沿途得不到粮食补充,干部、战士饿着肚子行军,体力极度虚弱,足足走了20多天才到达阿坝。有的人走着走着就倒下去,有的人坐下去就再也没能起来。有的人睡在野草荒滩上,第二天别人来呼唤启程时,见他已经牺牲了。萧克回忆:“草地人烟稀少,即使有些村落,也没有多少粮食。当地群众以畜牧业为生,反动土司常常把牛羊牵走。四方面军走在前面,对后面虽有照顾,但他们自己也很困难。我们虽然努力准备粮食,常常不能完成计划。部队因缺粮疲劳,体力下降。……大家用野菜代粮,许多人牺牲在草地。”

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