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中国要足够强大:美国才不敢动武

2016-09-08 14:05:40   中华网论坛

如果英国对美国发动战争,那么英国将不可避免地被击败,因此英国从未着手对美国发动战争自杀对英国资本主义来说并非一个理性的政策!英美关系证明,“修昔底德陷阱”是可以避免的。那么,中美从下述冲突中可借鉴什么经验?

一战:衰落的大国具有侵略性

此外,核武器的问世意味着战争带来的损失也会更大。这当然是格雷厄姆·艾利森回顾美国历史研究发现,16世纪以来16个崛起的世界或地区大国中,除了3个最近崛起的大国尚存,大多数早期崛起的大国均已灭亡的一个原因。

但即使经济状况相较修昔底德时代发生了根本性的改善,显然也不能阻止战争发生,比如一战和二战。所以,它们是按时间顺序分析。

一些西方历史学家在分析1914年爆发的一战时,将中美关系与英德关系相提并论美国相当于1914年的“现存大国”英国,中国则相当于“新崛起的侵略性大国”德国。但是,这种类比可以得出完全相反的结论!

历史学家分析了德国选择1914年发动侵略战争的动机。原因是,当时德国正在经济上追赶英国,但在与俄罗斯的经济竞争中日益处于下风,且与美国相比,其军事地位日益恶化。1912年,德国总参谋长冯·毛奇发表了臭名昭著的声明,称“既然战争不可避免,那就越早越好!”据他解释,就对比俄罗斯与德国的军事实力而论,德国军队财政开始吃紧,意即德国执政界感到他们权力的顶峰已过去,德国军力现已大大变弱。

中国目前的形势与1914年的德国完全相反。与最强大的经济对手美国相比,中国的经济实力并不弱。中国的军事地位仍远不如美国,但其军事实力正日益增强。因此,对中国来说,合理的政策是坚决反对侵略,等待时机。时间在中国而非美国的一边。事实上,如果真要对1914年前的情况作类比,扮演德国好战角色的最佳候选人非美国莫属。美国的军事实力现正处于顶峰,但经济活力和经济增速不及中国。

大量的证据支持这一论点,最近的例子就是美国侵略伊拉克的战争,而中国没有这样的记录。对1914年类比的结论是,日益衰落的大国美国是具有侵略性的。

二战:国家虚弱会导致战争

历史学家对二战的发生并不感到意外。英国和法国对纳粹采取姑息态度,导致纳粹德国坐大,从而让希特勒有能力发动战争。同样地,苏联军队在1939-1940年与芬兰的战争中明显露出疲态,导致希特勒得出他可以在1941年袭击苏联的结论。二战事例表明,国家虚弱会导致一个国家快速陷入战争。

冷战:美国虚弱时“爱好和平”

接下来谈1945年后的美苏冷战。美国和苏联都没有发动对彼此的战争的原因不足为奇彼时两国都有核武器,如果两国真发动战争,那么两国都将毁灭。因此,两国间的冲突只是局部的,并且都是通过代理人进行。最重要的是,冷战检验了两国的相对经济活力苏联的国力在上世纪70年代初达到顶峰,当时其经济规模达到美国的40%至45%。但到上世纪80年代初,苏联没有启动中国式的经济改革,导致其经济陷入停滞。苏联并不是在军事上被打败,而是因为其经济失败了。

冷战的深层教训是,当美国国力虚弱时,那么其就“爱好和平”,比如美国在上世纪70年代初和中国建交,在越战失败的背景下,缓和与苏联的关系。但到上世纪80年代美国恢复实力时,启动了更具侵略性的政策。当时,苏联在军事上是强大的,但经济虚弱。因此,美国在经济上对苏联施加压力里根当时加强军备建设并非旨在打仗,而是为削弱苏联经济。

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