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中国要足够强大:美国才不敢动武

2016-09-08 14:05:40   中华网论坛

近年来热炒的“修昔底德陷阱”说法,源自古希腊历史学家修昔底德对古希腊的两个城邦国家雅典与斯巴达战争所作的总结:即一个新崛起的大国必然要挑战现存大国,而现存大国也必然来回应这种威胁,这样战争变得不可避免。依此类推,中国是“新崛起的大国”,美国是“现存大国”,两国之间爆发严重的冲突不可避免。

但雅典和斯巴达战争与所谓的“修昔底德陷阱”既有相似之处,也有不同之处。分辨这些差异至关重要,因为两者不可同日而语。此外,中国古代智慧和希腊智慧有共通之处,“中国人在两千多年前就认识到‘国虽大,好战必亡’的道理。”下面我将结合中国古代智慧与中国现代的马克思主义分析,证明中美可以避免“修昔底德陷阱”。

雅典和斯巴达战争

和平的经济收益大于战争

雅典和斯巴达战争与“修昔底德陷阱”的第一个根本性区别是经济。事实上,在工业革命之前的古代世界,经济增长速度是微不足道的年增长率可能低于0.1%。国家间不存在经济合作以促进经济显著增长的客观可能性,使得通过战争掠夺别国资产、奴役别国人民等,成为合理的政策。

工业革命大幅促进经济提速,从而从根本上改变了战争与和平的相对经济利益。韩国仅用一代人的时间就实现了从低收入到高收入或接近高收入国家的跨越,这在以前是不可能的。从第二次世界大战直到国际金融危机之前,发达国家生活水平增长几乎未曾问断过。相比之下,上个世纪几乎所有参与战争的主要国家(英国,法国,德国,日本),不管它们是输或赢,伴随而来的是经济衰退,而和平则带来经济扩张美国是一个例外,它因为二战实现了其历史上最快的经济增速。第一次世界大战也造成了巨大的灾难,终结了欧洲作为近500年来世界最有活力经济中心的地位。

同样,二战后,美国发动的战争导致其绝对优势相对下降。越战引发经济动荡造成的通胀,使得美国花了二十年的时间才恢复元气。据估计,美国2003年入侵伊拉克耗资1万亿至3万亿美元,这导致奥巴马不得不大幅削减美国军事支出,以稳定国际金融危机后的美国经济。

英国历史学家泰勒说过,能否保持大国地位取决于是否拥有打一场大规模战争,以及避免打仗的成本大于收益的能力。

除了成本外,根本的原因是,和平与经济上升、战争与经济下降的关系显而易见。亚当·斯密最早提出,劳动分工是提高生产率的最重要因素。这包括国际劳动分工,而国际劳动分工需要和平的环境。因此,在当今时代,和平的经济收益几乎总是大于战争的经济收益。

工业革命以来的战争教训

许多西方历史学家倾向于集中精力研究类似1914年或者最近发生的重要州际冲突,而非修昔底德陷阱。我将根据工业革命以来所爆发的冲突教训,分析中美爆发重大冲突的可能性有多大。

19世纪时期,英国是“现存大国”,美国是“新崛起的大国”,当时美国的经济增速比英国快得多。到十九世纪七十年代,美国的经济规模开始大于英国;到1918年,美国超过英国成为世界上最强大的国家。这个实例证明,“修昔底德陷阱”并不必然存在当时的“现存大国”英国和当时的“新崛起的大国”美国之间并未发生重大战争。原因何在?

责任编辑:张海潮
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