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解码长征:南下还是北上 决定革命前途关键之争

2016-09-06 11:06:31   央广网

“北上南下之争”,是长征途中中共中央和红四方面军领导人张国焘之间关于红军战略方针和发展方向的争论。同时,也是一场反对张国焘分裂主义的斗争。

这场争论要从1935年6月中央红军与红四方面军在懋功地区会师说起。会师后,摆在中共中央面前的首要任务,就是为红军制定正确的战略方针,明确发展方向。但在这个关键问题上,中共中央和张国焘之间产生了分歧和争论。

中共中央考虑到川陕甘地区地域广阔,交通方便,汉族居民较多,帝国主义势力和国民党统治薄弱,而且靠近抗日斗争的前线华北,因此主张红军北上,建立川陕甘革命根据地,以便在北方建立抗日的前进阵地,领导和推进全国的抗日救亡运动。但张国焘却认为,红军应向西退却到人烟稀少、少数民族聚居的川康边地区,或南下攻取成都,以为这样可以避开国民党军强大的军事力量。

为解决这个分歧,6月26日,中共中央在两河口召开政治局扩大会议。会议一致通过了周恩来提出的向北发展,在川陕甘建立根据地的战略方针,并于28日作出《关于一、四方面军会合后的战略方针》的决定,正式提出“集中主力向北进攻,在运动战中大量消灭敌人,首先取得甘肃南部,以创造川陕甘苏区根据地”的战略方针,由此制定了松潘战役计划,准备集中主力消灭松潘地区国民党军胡宗南部,打开北上甘南的通道。29日,中共中央政治局又举行常委会议,决定张国焘任中央军委副主席,增补陈昌浩、徐向前为中央军委委员,以加强对两支红军的统一指挥,为实现北上方针提供组织保证。

两河口会议上,张国焘虽然也对北上的战略方针表示赞同,但他实际上并没有放弃向川康边地区退却的错误主张。会后,他以“统一指挥”“组织问题”没解决为由按兵不动,延迟红四方面军北上。他仗着人多枪多,向中央要权,策动一些人向中央提出改组军委和红军总司令部,要求由他担任军委主席。中共中央坚决拒绝张国焘的无理要求,但为了团结四方面军共同北上,还是任命张国焘为红军总政委。这时,张国焘才调兵北上。但此时,进行松潘战役的战机已经丧失,红军不得不放弃松潘战役计划,改由自然条件十分恶劣的草地北上。8月3日,红军总司令部制定《夏洮战役计划》,将红军混编为左右两路军。红军总司令朱德和总政委张国焘率领左路军;前敌总指挥徐向前、政委陈昌浩率领右路军。中共中央随右路军一起行动。

8月4日至6日,中央政治局召开沙窝会议,重申了北上的战略方针,并提出要加强党对红军的绝对领导,维护两个方面军的团结。8月20日,中央政治局又在毛儿盖召开扩大会议,批评了张国焘企图使红军西渡黄河深入青海、新疆等地的错误。但张国焘一意孤行,抵制中央作出的北上战略方针。

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