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谁曾让美国失去了中国?2050号报告影响深远

2016-08-16 15:37:21   陶短房

当时宋美龄尚在美国,而美国国内亲国民党的议员团体对白皮书反应强烈,几天后,这些号称“中国游说团”的国会议员发表备忘录,声称白皮书是“长达1054页的、对政府失策的掩饰”。

由于特使黄仁霖的努力和亲国民党美国官员、议员的帮助,蒋介石在白皮书发布前3天就知道全部内容,并对美国的推诿和抛弃“深感愤怒”,在蒋介石父子的日记中,这种愤怒情绪俯拾皆是。然而当时的国民党政权危在旦夕,蒋氏父子唯恐进一步激怒美国,斟酌再三,仅在8月16日发表区区330字声明,称“无意对此争议加以分析,以致有损中美两国人民传统友谊,以及民主集团共同目标”,并表示将在适当时机对白皮书所载“各种复杂问题”详加说明。剔除种种“为尊者讳”的曲笔和难言之隐的饰词,有一点是明白的,即当时甚至现在,国民党方面坚信,是美国军援不力才导致国民党失去中国大陆。

白皮书得罪蒋介石,也触怒了中国共产党。自8月5日白皮书发表起短短十多天内,毛泽东相继发表《无可奈何的供状》《丢掉幻想,准备斗争》和《别了,司徒雷登》3篇文章,将“艾奇逊白皮书”概括为“美帝国主义无可奈何的自供状”,更在8月28日发表《为什么要讨论白皮书》一文,提纲挈领地发起对白皮书的“总攻”。当时中国大陆尚有许多人对美国心怀幻想或惧意,毛泽东希望借批判白皮书,在中国统一认识,同时也借此结束对中华人民共和国外交路线、方针的争论,统一到对苏“一边倒”上来。

“2050号报告”深远影响美对华政策

对白皮书的争论一直延续到1950年,当年6月25日朝鲜战争爆发,两天后美国第七舰队开入台湾海峡,中美一度混沌的关系突然再度清晰起来,杜鲁门政府也出于美国战略需要,重新支持起逃到台湾的蒋介石政府。白皮书受到杜鲁门自己的刻意漠视,却被共和党人不断拿出来抨击,以证明杜鲁门政府的失策,抨击白皮书以表明“反共决心”则成为冷战加剧环境下的风尚,其代表性产物,则是1952年的美国国会第2050号调查报告。

这份由共和党国会议员和民主党反共国会议员为主抛出的报告,将失去中国大陆的罪责归咎于美国远东政策的改变,又将这种改变的责任,归咎于“混入国务院的‘太平洋学会’分子”。在这份报告中,编纂者认定起草白皮书小组的成员、“太平洋学会”的美国“头号中国通”费正清以及英国传教士李提摩太等是“苏联阴谋明显且自愿的骗子”。当时的民主党国会议员约翰·肯尼迪就公然指责费正清、李提摩太是“共党同路人”、“把中国大陆送给中共”,而国会报告中更将“把中国大陆送给中共”,称为“美国历史上最悲惨的事之一”。

几十年后的美国学者普遍认为,“2050号报告”过高估计了二战后美国在中国事务上的发言权,将中国大陆的政治、军事走向认定为仅凭美国的取舍好恶即可决定之事,更把反对或不赞成增加对蒋军援的国务院人士和学者统统贴上“反共”标签,导致相当一部分“知华派”官员长时间被摒弃于国务院之外,严重影响此后几十年间美国对华政策研判。这种风气达到高潮时,部分参与白皮书编纂者甚至遭到美国情报部门调查和司法诉讼,直到60年代末才告一段落,但“2050号报告”及其内容至今仍被美国、台湾和大陆某些人,出于这样那样的目的,添枝加叶反复推出。(陶短房)

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