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九一八事变后,日本侵略者向中国派来的不光有军队,还有大量的移民、“移民团”、“开拓团”,对中国进行直接或间接的侵略。
明治维新以后,日本把以征服中国为核心的“大陆政策”作为基本国策。对华移民政策作为一种蚕食性入侵方式,是日本军国主义“大陆政策”的重要组成部分,成为其武装入侵的深入和补充。九一八事变后,日本有计划地组织日本国民大批移居中国,这些移民构成一个扎入中国社会之中承担侵华帮凶的特殊群体,对中国经济社会和人民生活产生诸多破坏性影响。北平(1928年6月国民党政府占领北京,改北京为北平。1937年10月,日伪政府时期又将北平改为北京。1945年日本投降,北京又改为北平。本文1928年之前称北京,其他统称北平)即是其中一个重灾区。考察日本对北平的移民及其影响,揭示日本侨民(简称日侨。本文日本侨民指那些依然保留日本国籍和民族血统长期或短期侨居中国的来华日本人,尤其是在日本政府移民政策背景之下,通过日本政府组织或在日本鼓励移民中国政策影响下自发来华的日本人,但日本驻军及日本驻华使领馆人员不包括在内) 在侵华战争中扮演的角色,对揭露日本军国主义侵华本质有重要意义。
日本推行对华移民政策的历史流变
日本对中国实行大规模移民侵略最早可追溯到对台湾移民。1895年日本侵占台湾及澎湖列岛后,其军政界认为,向台湾大规模移民是统治台湾的有效手段,有利于同化台湾人民,加强对台湾的占领和资源掠夺。以对台移民为侵略经验,日本逐步向库页岛、朝鲜、中国大陆等地推广。
1905年日俄战争期间,日本为防御俄国进攻,开始策划向中国东北地区移民。1906年,日本设立南满铁道株式会社和关东都督时,为长期占领东北,日本陆军大将儿玉源太郎就竭力提倡向东北移民。“满铁”第一任总裁后藤新平在其就职书中提出“经营满洲”的四个核心思想之一就是向中国东北移民。儿玉源太郎和后藤新平的移民主张深得日本一些政客的支持和拥护,1910年3月,日本外务大臣小村寿太郎在议会提出“20年向满洲移住大和民族百万人的计划”。由此,日本开始在满铁“附属地”和租借地内进行移民侵略活动。
九一八事变后,日本占领东北,遭到当地百姓的强烈反抗,东北各地义勇军、东北抗日联军的抗战成为其进行殖民统治的重要障碍。在镇压东北人民反抗过程中,日本逐步认识到“军事的长期镇压,不如移来武装移民团体永久地定居更为彻底”。日本开始向中国东北开展大规模“特别农业移民”,其实质是以退伍军人为主体的“武装移民”,任务之一就是协助关东军对东北人民实施镇压,巩固殖民统治。至1936年9月,前后“武装移民”五次,计2785户。
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