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斯大林为何欲阻止中共南昌暴动:对国民党抱幻想

2016-08-01 14:14:33   人民网

1927年5月12日,英国警察突然搜查了苏联驻英商务大楼、英苏贸易公司,指控苏联商业人员从事间谍活动,英苏两国关系进一步恶化。5月23日英国内阁会议批准了同苏联断绝外交关系的决定,当天就向苏联驻英国代办递交了照会。而美国政府则公开发表声明称赞、支持英国政府的决定,5月30日美国驻法国大使赫里克还在巴黎公墓发表演说,呼吁资本主义各国政府联手对苏联进行“十字军远征”。

在上述国际环境下,1927年6月2日联共(布)中央政治局召开特别会议,作出决议:领事及签发密码电报的人员必须承担如下责任:绝对禁止拍发用真名署名并由官方人员和机构收取的特殊电报。真实签名及负责人的地址和姓名均应用化名代替。

与此同时,中国国内先后发生了蒋介石、汪精卫背叛革命的“四一二”反革命政变和“七一五”反革命政变,大大小小的反动军阀在全国各地对共产党人和工农群众挥起了屠刀,中外反动势力也日益紧密地勾结到一起联手反共反苏。在这样的背景下,莫斯科自然要禁止在华苏联顾问直接参与中共发动的南昌暴动。

此外,在相当长的时期里莫斯科都将中国国民党看作是“中国唯一重大的民族革命集团”,并且对国民党提供了大量的人力、物力和财力支持和援助,可是蒋、汪等人相继叛变革命,无疑给莫斯科抽了一记耳光。但即便如此,苏联驻华总军事顾问布留赫尔等人对唐生智、张发奎等仍旧抱有幻想。而苏共领导人斯大林本人,即使是在蒋介石、汪精卫等大肆屠杀中国共产党人和革命群众的白色恐怖时期,也仍然对“国民党革命化和民主化”、“跟国民党结盟”抱持幻想。几份解密档案文件证实了这一点,比如,在1927年8月8日发送给罗明纳兹和布留赫尔的一封密电中,斯大林叮嘱他们“如果不能争得国民党,而革命将走向高潮,那就必须提出苏维埃的口号并着手建立苏维埃”;在8月12日的另一封密电中,斯大林要求他们“尽一切努力使国民党革命化和民主化。只有当重建革命国民党的尝试明显无望和明显失败,而随着这种失败出现新的革命高潮时,只有在这种情况下才走上建立苏维埃的道路”;在8月13日发送给他们的又一封密电中,斯大林强调“我们认为跟国民党结盟必须不是从外部,而是从内部”,“如果国民党革命化在实践上毫无指望,同时出现新的巨大的革命高潮,只有在这种情况下才建立苏维埃”。这些解密档案文件表明,即便是在大革命失败已经既成事实的情况下,斯大林本人仍对国民党抱持幻想。这是莫斯科禁止在华苏联顾问参与南昌暴动的第二个原因。还有一个原因,便是莫斯科长期以来对中共存有轻视态度,对南昌暴动能否成功存有疑虑、缺乏信心。

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