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楚汉之争险成三国鼎立:韩信为什么不称帝?

2016-07-27 14:12:56   新华网

易中天在评历史人物时曾讲过韩信,说他为什么不和项羽、刘邦三分天下,是因“妇人之仁”。也还有一些别的人的论说,多归之于韩信主观上没有准备三分天下的决心、意志或缺乏政治头脑等。这些说法对吗?按当时情况看,没有出现“三国”,至少有两种解释:一是韩信思想中充满了“妇人之仁”之类愚蠢想法,而失去了良机;另一种可能则是韩信审时度势,认为脱离刘邦自成第三势力是不可能的,因而放弃了。窃以为第二种可能性要比第一种可能性大。

韩信脱离刘邦自成一系的时机应该在项羽和刘邦相持,谁也无法取胜,而他正好消灭了项羽派去攻他的龙且大军,兵力大增时。这时有两人劝说他:一是项羽派去的武涉,韩信拒绝了,这很正常,说客是为项羽的利益而来的,项羽终究是敌国。另一人则是蒯彻(即蒯通),没有其他背景,从其说辞中看也确是从韩信的利益出发的。

蒯彻劝说韩信脱离刘邦,鼎足天下。其说辞要点有四:一是楚汉相拒三年,谁也无力取胜,韩信的军力就成了决定性因素,“二主之命悬于足下,足下为汉则汉胜,为楚则楚胜。”;二是人生多欲,人心难测,不能信任刘邦,以原来是刎颈之交的张耳、陈余后成为死敌为例说明;三是“勇略振主者身危,而功盖天下者不赏”,以勾践、文仲、范蠡为例说明;四是时机难得易失,不能犹豫。其逻辑性极强,所举例子也很恰当。以韩信之智,绝不会不明白。

在蒯彻讲了前三点,韩信想了几天后,决定还是留在刘邦手下。这是韩信犹豫不决,拿不定主意吗?韩信是常胜将军,决不会有需要决断时犹豫不决的毛病。不能想象韩信用了几天时间,只是因为“妇人之仁”而不知该怎能么办。

  这几天在干什么?很可能是在考虑分析蒯彻之计是否可行。韩信在初见刘邦时,曾为之分析项羽优点弱点,十分中肯,可见韩信绝非除了打仗不明白别事的呆子。能为常胜将军,必然能准确地分析了解敌方将领和我方人员,即“知己知彼,百战不殆”。韩信会不了解刘邦吗?不可能。蒯彻所说确打动了他,他没有一口回绝,而是去考虑。韩信一生作战从没败过,这说明他是非常谨慎的人,不是冒失鬼,不可能成功的事他是不做的。

韩信仔细考虑后,认识到他由刘邦麾下独立出去的风险太大,不大可能成功,这样蒯彻再劝他不要失时机之类说法也就没有用了。至于韩信说刘邦对他有恩之类的话当然没错,但在那个战乱年代,相对于人们的利欲来说,恩情的作用只是一张遮羞的薄布。如果恩情能起那样重要作用,韩信就不会要刘邦承认他为假齐王,也不会在垓下之战前刘邦没正式封他为王他就不发兵。没有历史记载可以证明这样的判断,但是从情理上讲,这样说是最合理的。

问题在于当时韩信兵力那样强,似乎他想三分天下是没有什么人能挡住他的,为什么他会可能认为不成功呢?这就是刘邦的厉害之处:刘邦善于“将将”。

刘邦曾问过韩信关于带多少兵的问题,韩信说刘邦只能带十万人,而自己是多多益善。刘邦问他,为什么我能擒你。韩信回答说:“陛下不能将兵而能将将”,而且这种能力是“天授非人力也”。什么是“将将”,不能简单地解释为能指挥将军们打仗,也不能只归结于知人善用和胡萝卜加大棒,至少还包含着控制将领的能力。成功的君主都应该有“将将”的能力的:能识人、用人、控制人。这可不像易中天说的是很简单的事,从古到今能做好这些的人并不多,刘邦则是其中的佼佼者。

责任编辑:张海潮
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