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张发奎忆抗战:日军能攻占任何想要的目标

2016-07-19 16:40:42   东方早报

时下屏幕上常常出现一些神话般的抗日剧,剧中中国军队玩弄日军于股掌之中,使战争变得如此轻松、有趣甚至不乏俏皮。难怪有网友要发问,为什么这样一场以大对小的反侵略战争,竟然要打八年。

其实,真相很简单,尽管常常让人痛苦。抗战时长期担任战区司令长官,对这场战争可谓了如指掌的张发奎晚年回忆明确表示:“我感觉敌人能攻占任何他们想要的目标;倘若他们没有占领某地,那是因为他们不想要。在整个抗战期间我思路一贯都是这样。一切都是时间问题。”(267页)

在中国,无论是经历过这场战争的哪一方、哪种政治势力,都很难像张发奎这样直白地表述这场战争,因为中国毕竟是一个战胜国,说出这样的话,难免有令人丧气之感,自尊心很难让人承认这一点。尽管,如果我们了解当年这场战争的实力对比,了解战争的具体进程,或许,对这样的结论并不会感到如何惊奇。事实上,抗战期间,无论是蒋介石的“持久消耗”,还是毛泽东的《论持久战》,对日战略的拟订,首先必须面对的都是这样一个基本事实:力不如人,而且是严重的力不如人。

抗战时期三次大规模会战:淞沪、武汉和豫湘桂会战,张发奎均亲身参与。淞沪会战时,他和张治中分任右翼、左翼军总司令,全程参与战事,目睹“士气高昂”(171页)的中国军队在日军强大炮火下遭受惨痛损失。武汉会战时他是第二兵团总司令,在江西九江、湖北通城一带历经硬战。这两次会战,中国军队在战场上均保持绝对的人员优势,两军在前方直接对垒的人数比例基本保持在五比一左右,以此稍稍弥补双方武器、训练、战斗意志等方面的差距。即便如此,中国也无法阻挡日军的攻势,只能依靠广土众民,依靠正面的持续抵抗及敌后的广泛游击战,依靠国际间尤其是日、苏、美的相互制约,逐渐把日军的强大攻势化解于无形。

1944年的豫湘桂会战,中国败得最惨。张发奎时任第四战区司令长官,参加桂柳会战,遭受崩溃性的惨败。相较淞沪和武汉会战,豫湘桂会战是中日两军在战场上人数对比最接近的一次。日军在太平洋战场节节失利,面临失败的背景下,在中国大陆出动其侵华以来最多兵员,发动最后也是最锐利的一击,对中国军队形成极其沉重的打击。在豫中战场,日军近二十万人对第一战区的二十多万人,中国在人数上仅稍占优势,根本无力抵挡日军进攻,日军横扫中原其实并不让人意外。在长衡战场,日军出动兵员约二十万人,中方使用兵力四十万人以上,虽然人数超过一倍,但这样的优势依然无法有效阻遏日军的进攻;尽管由于方先觉的第十军浴血奋战,缔造衡阳保卫战悲壮战例,但仍然无法阻挡日军打通粤汉线计划。桂柳战场实力更加悬殊,中国第四战区此时所辖部队不到六万人,而日军可以出动兵员为十余万,中国军队人数上甚至都处于劣势,因此,较之此前的豫中、长衡战场,桂柳战场崩溃更加彻底,战区长官张发奎被逼得从广西逃进贵州,“成了无兵司令——失去了自己的战区”(285页)。

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