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年薪折合32万元:明朝官员的工资真的很低吗?

2016-07-01 14:40:51   人民网

以七品县令的工资标准而论,月薪是7.5石大米,年薪只有90石,与一品官员的月薪差许多。但按照《醒贪简要录》的算法,也需要70多亩地、5个农民专门为之生产,光是挑那些稻禾就需要走1000多里地,所以,很难说这个工资标准低得让人无法接受。

若按照现代经济学的评价方式,一般可以用恩格尔系数(食物支出/消费支出总额)来评价一个人的生活水准,系数≤20者为极度富裕、系数20—40的为富裕。照明清时代的通常说法,一个人吃饭每天需米一升,每月需米三斗。中国古代的家庭人口数据则显示,每户平均是4—5人。县令月薪7.5石米,假如其一家是5口人,那么吃饭每月需米不过1.5石,仅占月薪的20%。米是主食,假定其他食物花费与米的价值相同或稍低,那么,按恩格尔系数计算,工资可以使县令一家处在系数≤40的水准,因此他虽然算不上极度富裕,至少也应该处在富裕水平。

这么看来,朱元璋当时制定的官吏工资标准绝不像顾炎武等人所说低得让人无法接受,反而算得上是“重禄”了。

但是,明代官员生活拮据似乎又是事实。这里面的原因到底在哪里?原因是多方面的,比如俸禄标准执行不到位、物价上涨等等,但最根本的原因还不是这些,而在于中国古代的家庭制度,特别是妻妾制度

以海瑞为例。海瑞任淳安县令一职的时候,工资经七折八扣,实际领到的是12石大米、27.49两银子和360贯钞。钞很不值钱,可以忽略不计。仅以12石大米、27.49两银子来计算,它能不能使一个五口之家过上相对来说还过得去的日子呢?

明清时代的社会经济史研究表明,当时普通百姓五口之家每年如果有30两银子,日子已经可以过得不错了。

有学者曾推算过清代江南人的年生活费支出,大致情况如下:

1.每年每户(以一家五口计)日常生活所需口粮为15石~18石(以常年米价1石值银1两为准,约需银15两~18两)。

2.副食(包括油盐、肉荤、菜蔬之类),全年每户支出约银7两。

3.全年每家用布支出约银3两。

4.燃料每年支出约银3两。这样,全年生活费支出为银30两左右。

以海瑞的年薪,一家的生活不应该出现困难。那么,为什么海瑞连两斤肉都买不起呢?原因主要在于:海瑞家人口多,与老百姓一家五口没法比。

海瑞在淳安的时候,除了老母、妻子之外,还有两三个女儿、两个儿子,加上家仆、婢女,可能还有奶妈,总共有十来口人。十来口人用这些工资,生活就不免有些拮据了。因此,明代官员哭穷的真正原因不是因为工资低,而是因为家口庞大。海瑞的家庭结构已经算是非常简单的,生活标准也不算高,但已显得捉襟见肘了,至于其他官员就可想而知了。

明清时代官员工资显得低的另一个原因则是娶妾制度。海瑞75岁去世的时候,身边有两个小妾。明清时代纳一个小妾不会少于百两银子。这大概也是海瑞身居二品官员(都察院右都御史)而死时没有多少银子的原因,否则凭工资和他相对节俭的生活,是不应该如此的。

由上可知,所谓明清时代官吏工资过低,实际上是相对于官员庞大的家口以及娶妾等家庭问题才显示出来的。

但国家支付官吏工资,并没有理由连官员娶妾的钱都支付。据说现下被查出的贪官95%包二奶、三奶,本来他们已经可以“工资基本不用”,之所以还要贪污,显然也不是因为工资太低,而是相对于包二奶、三奶的大笔费用工资才显出不够用的。现实如此,历史亦然。

另外,我们还要考虑一个因素,即官吏生活大多奢侈,国家好像也没有理由要为此埋单。官吏不能像老百姓一样生活,那是他们的事,至于因生活标准过高而工资不够,如果这也能成为“当贪官的理由”的话,那么“理由”永远是存在的。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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