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乾隆官场之怪状:官员被革职十余次仍可任原职

2016-06-28 14:16:18   人民网

乾隆四十三年(1778年),湖北江陵县发生了一件抢劫案。一群农村流氓抢劫了附近的富有寡妇家,寡妇认出了抢劫者,事后当即报官。此案证据确凿,事情清楚,很容易处理。可是当时的县令汤廷芳虽然派人抓到了两个嫌犯,却懒得审理,将嫌犯取保了事。后面相继接任的4任县令在10年内“均不严究”,“经事主控告,臬司严催,俱延宕不解,扶同沉搁,置地方盗案于不办,实出情理之外”。这样一个小小案件,换了5任地方官,居然还没有结案。乾隆听说后,也不禁大为恼火,说:“足见湖北吏治废弛已极。”

湖北事件并非个别。乾隆五十三年(1788年)二月,直隶建昌县发生土匪马十等人抢劫一案,事发后整整两年,地方官还是没有结案,说是头绪复杂,一时审不明白。皇帝闻听后大为恼火,命将犯人押到山东行在,亲自审理,不到一个月就究出了正犯。皇帝说:“可见外省废弛积习,大抵相同。”“似此玩延悬宕之案,或更有甚焉者。”

外省如此,京师风气也相同。踢球扯皮之风盛行,一件小事,往往数月经年处理不了。“至六部等衙门办理事务,虽有限期,由各道御史汇奏,但事有关涉两部者,亦每至彼此推诿,行查不以为要,吏胥等得以藉端沈阁,百弊丛生。其驳查外省事件,又每以一驳了事,或竟有驳至屡次,往返耽延,经年屡月,并不勒限严催。”(《清高宗实录》卷一三五一)

除了懒,政风懈怠的另一个表现是软。皇帝既然宽仁为尚,不愿杀人,官员中老好人自然越来越多。他们在处理案件时,“于一切审拟案件,有意宽减”。(《乾隆圣训》)更有甚者,连抢盗重案也“多所迁就,致凶顽不知惩创”。(《乾隆上谕档》)夹在各方当事人之中的地方官,只想和稀泥。他们“既畏民,又畏生监,兼畏胥役,既不肯速为审断,又不欲太分皂白”。(《清高宗实录》)

如果说专政政治的经济原则是剥削与压榨,那么操作秘诀就是控制与压迫。皇帝控制着官僚体系,官僚体系压迫着整个社会。一旦高压减轻,则社会秩序必然出现剧烈反弹。随着官僚体系的废弛,乾隆晚年社会治安迅速恶化。

乾隆晚年,人口压力越来越重,社会矛盾和危机越积越深。而官僚体系百务废弛,国家陷入半瘫痪状态,恰恰给矛盾危机提供了迅速发育的机会,其中最明显的表现就是游民的大量出现和形成组织。

从乾隆三十九年(1774年)起,各省流民在生存压力下大量入川,四川各地出现了名为“啯噜”的游民组织。他们多是无籍游民,三五成群,忽聚忽散。乾隆描述这些游民团伙的形成说:“乃有一种强壮游惰之人,不务生业,三五成群,数十为党,呼朋引类,有师有徒,有首有从,各占地方,聚居古庙荒亭,沿村逐乡勒索钱米,遇有婚丧之家,劲讨酒食,不满其欲,辄肆咆哮,动以放火劫窃,出言恐吓。乡民畏之如虎。甚至恃众抢夺奸淫,谋故杀人,无恶不作,种种贻害,不可枚举。”(乾隆朝中朱批奏折)乾隆四十六年(1781年)后,因为地方官员“一味因循畏葸,于地方全无振作”,“啯噜”的活动进入高潮。据《剿捕档》记载:“川省啯匪近年每邑俱多至百十余人,常川骚扰,并有棚头名号,戴顶、坐轿、乘马,白昼抢夺淫凶,如入无人之境。通省官吏罔闻,兵民不问,甚至州县吏役,身充啯噜,如大竹县役之号称一只虎等语。”

湖北武昌,则在乾隆晚年出现了盘踞山区、专门靠抢劫为生的家族,“屡经惩创,怙恶不悛”。(《乾隆上谕档》)

山西的社会治安也相当不稳,“民情尚气好斗,嗜酒佩刀,因事相争,动辄挥刃,积习相沿,已非一日”。

南方沿海海盗越来越猖獗。乾隆五十二年(1787年),海盗在距厦门十余里的地方,“纵横无忌,行劫兵船”。乾隆五十八年(1793年),又登岛国纵火抢劫。乾隆六十年(1795年),皇帝总结南方海盗形成原因时说:“闽省近年以来,吏治废弛已极……各海口地方,盗匪仍复肆行出没,甚至五虎门近在省会,而盗船即在彼停泊叠劫,毫无忌惮,以致商贩闻风裹足,皆由该省督抚等平日漫无整理所致。”

大规模社会动荡的前奏已经缓缓奏响。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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