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艾森豪威尔为何在二战关键时刻弃攻柏林城?

2016-06-28 14:14:28   学习时报

1945年初,德怀特 艾森豪威尔率领英美盟军胜利抵达了西距柏林城几十公里的易北河沿岸,而朱可夫率领的苏联红军百万之众也快速推进到了东距柏林城仅几十公里的奥得河、尼斯河一线,两军已经形成了对纳粹德国首都两面夹击之势,攻克柏林已经指日可待。客观地说,攻占柏林在政治上无疑具有获取二战胜利这顶皇冠上璀璨明珠的意义,也是青史留名的绝佳机会。然而,就在这个关键时刻,艾森豪威尔却毅然决然地放弃进攻柏林城,拱手把这一世纪荣誉让给了苏军,他的这一做法连当时的英国首相丘吉尔都十分恼火。艾森豪威尔完全改变了此前突击柏林的作战计划,这是当年爆炸性的事件。那么,艾森豪威尔为什么不打柏林呢?

原来,艾森豪威尔深入研究了德军在柏林城的防御部署后,认为希特勒还在柏林困兽犹斗,盟军要想强攻柏林城,至少要付出10万人的重大伤亡代价。实际上,后来苏军在柏林之战中共伤亡了30万人。同时,在仔细研究了德国的行政区划分之后,他敏锐意识到战后东西方阵营对德国占领区的划分肯定要以把德国从南到北一分为二的易北河为界。如此一来,即便盟军费尽千辛万苦打下柏林城,将来战后也必然要交还苏联,那又何必为人作嫁而大动干戈呢?所以,他对柏林城这颗熟透了的桃子毫不动心,断然放弃攻打柏林城。后来的史实演变果然不出艾森豪威尔所料。从这一案例中,我们不难看出一个高明的领导者应该具备的几点素质。

一是要有敏锐的政治洞察力。军事与政治自古以来密切相关。19世纪德国著名军事学家克劳塞维茨曾经深刻指出,“战争无非是政治通过另一种手段的继续”,“要使整个战争或者我们称之为战局的战争中的大规模军事行动达到光辉目标,就必须对较高层次的国家关系有远大见识,在这里军事和政治就合二为一,统帅同时也就成为政治家”。艾森豪威尔在柏林攻坚战前就洞悉了二战后世界政治形势大格局,弃攻柏林表面看似无所作为“十分可惜”,实际上不但避免了官兵无谓牺牲,而且使其他方向作战力量得以加强,从而使其“尽量多用美国军队去占领德国领土”的政治意图得以实现。通观古今中外良将名帅,无一不是像艾森豪威尔这样具有敏锐的政治鉴别力和洞察力,政治上的雄才大略与军事上的“智信仁勇严”相得益彰。

二是要有清醒的决策应变力。敢于和善于决断,是杰出将帅必备的才能和显著特点之一。战场形势瞬息万变,战机稍纵即逝,决断能力十分重要。二战当时的英国名将蒙哥马利也认为:“犹豫不决,对于任何军官来说,都是致命伤,对于司令官来说,不啻是犯罪。”艾森豪威尔在兵临柏林城下时清醒看到,美英盟军和苏联红军在争夺柏林的比赛中并不占优势。艾森豪威尔认为,与其条件不够成熟就仓促上阵与友军争夺杀戮一只垂死挣扎的困兽,不如另辟战场去杀伤其他残敌,尽可能占领更多德国领土,夺取更多实际利益。虽然盟军一些高级将领不解,甚至丘吉尔等英国军政要人还不断责难,但是艾森豪威尔顶着压力不为所动,最终历史证明了他的决策是对的。

三是要有冷静的淡泊名利心。我国古诗有云:一将功成万骨枯。然而,艾森豪威尔认为,仅仅为了一己虚名就把成千上万的盟军士兵往火坑里推,无论如何不可以。正如他自己读史感悟到的:当拿破仑开始为拿破仑而战时,法国垮台了。在他看来,以最小的伤亡最低的代价彻底消灭其余德军,干净利落地结束这场战争,才是应该追求的最终目标。正因为有这种对部属生命的真诚关爱和悲悯情怀,有这种不耽于名利的宽阔胸襟和高尚品格,他才在兵临柏林城下时头脑依然保持了理性,顶住了蒙哥马利等众多部将的踊跃请战和英国首相丘吉尔等政界高层的责难,坚持不打柏林城。爱人者,人恒爱之。果不其然,在二战结束后不到10年的1953年,艾森豪威尔就因战功卓著、德高望重、深得民心而被选举为美国第43届总统,达到了他事业的顶峰。那些投票给他的美国民众中,不乏众多曾经跟随他东征西讨的美军将士及其家人们。历史又一次证明,只有把部属的生命和利益举过头顶,部属才会由衷钦佩地把这样的领导者举过头顶。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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