军事 > 军事历史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China

英雄还是叛徒?解析贝当和戴高乐的“对赌”

2016-06-28 10:11:08   参考消息

1945年7月,在法国城市洛里昂,战后戴高乐和法国民众在一起。

参考消息网6月27日报道 美国智谋者网站6月17日发表题为《这些人曾经是法国英雄》的文章,作者为特蕾西·莫兰,编译如下:

夏尔·戴高乐在20世纪20年代曾替别人写了一本关于法国大革命的书,他在书中说,一些法国将军被剥夺了“威望、生命以及荣誉”。正如朱利安·雅克松在他的著作《戴高乐》中所描述的,凡尔登守卫者菲利普·贝当总指挥曾建议这位年轻的上尉把关于生命的部分放在句子末尾。但自负的戴高乐没有听从一个经验丰富的老兵的建议,宣称:“这是一种向上的递增:威望、生命、荣誉。”

戴高乐曾经非常尊重贝当——有人说他的儿子菲利普就是以这位著名指挥官的名字来命名的。但这个分歧预示了他们的未来,一个被判死刑,一个继续统治法国;一个被批为“坏人”,一个被捧为“英雄”。贝当将被剥夺了荣誉,但却保住了生命。

1914年成名的贝当上校之前没有什么壮举,而且准备在58岁时退役。但哥伦比亚大学名誉教授、维希法国史专家罗伯特·帕克斯顿说,第一次世界大战让他的退休梦落空,这个谨慎的军事家成为一位伟大的战场指挥官,他“只有在拥有绝对优势时”才会发动进攻。这位因发誓不惜一切代价保住凡尔登的将领在1918年成为法军总指挥。他的下一个角色是带领法国军队镇压1925年摩洛哥里夫叛乱,这一胜利为他在20世纪30年代赢得了一系列政治任命。

当德国坦克再次开进法国时,戴高乐还没有成名,也没有受到爱戴。与谨慎的贝当相比,戴高乐一直是左翼军官,就像今天典型的千禧一代。这位年轻的民族主义者向他的上级诉说了他的想法:据帕克斯顿称,他做好了在战场上冒险的准备。这位未来的法国共和国第一任总统支持机械化战争,喜欢在战斗中动用特殊装甲师,而不是固守法国原则,即坦克是用来支持步兵机动的。他击退德军的努力(包括利用坦克在蒙科尔内抵抗希特勒的军队,这是法国取得的少数几次胜利之一)令他晋升为准将,后来又成为国防次长兼陆军次长。戴高乐的目标是不惜一切代价获得胜利,这一立场让他与他的前上司进一步对立。伊恩·克罗夫顿在他的著作《逆贼和叛徒》中写到,“成为纳粹的一个省是更好的选择”是贝当向法国总理保罗·雷诺传递的信息。而克罗夫顿强调,后者希望与英国一道打击希特勒,尽管法国会付出惨重代价。领导层的分歧导致雷诺下台,贝当上台,与德国的和平谈判启动,这让戴高乐和雷诺懊恼不已。1940年6月22日,贝当签署了一份停火协议,他因避免法国卷入更血腥的战争而再次被称为英雄。

贝当政府迁至维希,控制了法国约40%的地区,而其他地区被德国占领。与此同时,戴高乐前往英国,在那里他为“自由法国力量”赢得了支持,这种支持始于温斯顿·丘吉尔批准英国广播公司向英国人民播发戴高乐的讲话。作为回应,维希政府宣布以叛国罪判处戴高乐死刑。

帕克斯顿说,“贝当确定战争结束”,而“戴高乐确定没有结束”。一个人被誉为英雄,一个人被称为叛徒,但一切都将改变。维希政府因驱逐法国犹太人而臭名昭著,而戴高乐继续在非洲获得支持,组织军队并领导法国解放运动。帕克斯顿说:“(戴高乐的)赌注是对的。”

随着1944年9月法国解放,维希政府的精英们被召回德国,但贝当在1945年夏天回国接受叛国罪的审判。仍受到很多人爱戴的贝当被剥夺军衔,并被判处死刑。而戴高乐将其改判为无期徒刑。

戴高乐在谈到他这位前良师益友的堕落时说:“这位‘死’于1925年的最高指挥官是个伟大的人。麻烦在于他不知道这一点。”作为一个因好运和二战时期正确的赌注而成功的年轻人,戴高乐看到了法国曾经伟大的英雄被剥夺威望和荣誉,但却保住了生命。(编译/卢荻)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160628/22950289.html
Server: cms-9-157
Date: 2026/02/27 14:54:55

Powered by China
China