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满清王朝第一位继承人如何丢掉了身家性命?

2016-06-27 14:10:24   人民网

褚英这样不知韬光养晦,锋芒毕露,杀机四射的心态;紧逼不舍,杀气腾腾的言语,让“四贝勒”“五大臣”都感到自危。共同的安危、利益使他们结合在一起,经过暗中一番策划,他们决定联手向努尔哈赤告发褚英。他们告褚英三大罪状:一是致使“四贝勒”“五大臣”彼此不团结;二是索要各位弟弟的马匹和财物;三是声称他继位后,“将诛杀与我为恶的诸弟、诸大臣”。

当努尔哈赤把控告褚英的文书拿给褚英看时,褚英毫不隐晦地承认自己是曾说过这样的话。立褚英当继承人引起这样大的矛盾,这是努尔哈赤没有料到的。是维护褚英的继承人地位,还是站在众人的一面,予以撤销?这让努尔哈赤很棘手,也感到十分痛苦。褚英勇猛有余,智谋不足,自己打下的江山交在他的手上,真是无法放心。另一方面,“四贝勒”各自都是旗主贝勒,都拥有很大势力,都是努尔哈赤不可或缺的基石。“五大臣”曾与他一起出生入死几十年,为他赴汤蹈火开辟疆土,是他的股肱心腹,没有他们就没有建州部落的生存和发展。还有一点,那就是褚英对权力表现的虎视眈眈,急不可耐,很可能会做出出格的事情来夺取他的地位。

“两害相权取其轻。”权衡利弊之后,为了女真的基业,努尔哈赤决定站在人心所向的一边。他毅然收回了给褚英多于其他人的财物,给众人进行了平分,严重削弱了褚英的势力。努尔哈赤对褚英开始有意疏远,几次征战都没有让褚英随行,并且连守卫建州之责也没有交给他。这等于向世人宣布,褚英实际上已经失去了继位人的地位。

对父亲这样的抉择,褚英恼羞成怒,一次在努尔哈赤率兵出征时,他对自己的亲信说:“父王把原属于我的部众与诸弟均分,我再也活不下去了,我宁愿死掉。这次建州兵出征失败才好呢。如果他们败退回来,我不让他们进城。”

此时的褚英已是众叛亲离,他的这番话被一名亲信向努尔哈赤进行了告发。万历四十一年(1613年),努尔哈赤将褚英囚入高墙幽禁起来。

据《旧满洲档案》记载:此时的努尔哈赤正在筹划建立政权,他考虑到若是保全褚英,让他继续存在,则会导致大局不稳甚至众叛亲离。于是,万历四十三年(1615年),努尔哈赤痛苦地做出了除掉褚英的决定。这位三十六岁的继承人就这样做了政治斗争的牺牲品。后金政权或者可以说清王朝历史上,第一位公开的指定继承人以失败终结。第一位继承人不仅从最高位置上栽了下来,而且还丢了身家性命。

万历四十四年(1616年),努尔哈赤称汗,改元天命元年,国号大金。这时据褚英被处死仅仅不到半年时间。

褚英的悲剧告诉人们,在政治权力的逐利场上,政治成熟很重要。什么坑蒙欺骗,撒谎抵赖,死不认账,无中生有,栽赃陷害,颠倒黑白,这些都是政客经常用来保护自己、中伤他人的必备手段。政治上天真坦率岂不是在出卖自己?这样的“智慧”如何能趟得了政治权力的浑水?

明崇祯皇帝在刺杀自己女儿长平公主时,道出亡国之君最大的人伦之痛:“汝何故生我家!”不管努尔哈赤有没有这样的想法,后世看历史,历史总有着惊人的相似。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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