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揭秘日本历史上鲜为人知的“抵制唐货”运动

2016-06-08 13:33:09   央视网

而且在输入品中不仅有货物,还有“唐钱”。当时的日本钱币,与唐钱相比有种种缺憾。不仅在质量上无法相提并论,且流通中也有诸多不便,因此唐钱有着两方面的优势在日本大受欢迎,这就直接导致了日本货币体制更加混乱,这对本已面临危机的日本经济和政治无疑是雪上加霜。

如果要改变这种状态就必须从商品、金融、文化各方面改变日本落后的状态,但这是短期内无法取得成效的。而从政策上先行杜绝外国政治经济的威胁则不是什么难事,故宇多天皇下令废止遣唐的理由或在于此。

废止遣唐虽然是一种政治策略,而文化是政治的一种表征。所以日本文化在平安时期呈现出了摆脱唐文化的影响,努力确立本民族文化风格的特征,而实际上平安文化也是日本本土文化真正得以发展的开端。

首先表现在文字上,日本人采用汉字的一部分省略或仅使用偏旁部首创造出了假名文字,相当于表音的字母。其中采用正楷汉字偏旁的称作片假名,采用草书偏旁称作平假名。假名在平安时代很流行,而在此前则是大量的使用汉字,而汉字毕竟是一种外来文字,在日本精通汉文的往往只限于贵族和僧侣,广大下层民众则很难学习或无条件来学习汉文,而假名这种表音的文字的出现,则使文化知识得以在更大范围内传播,从而为日本文化的本土化发展奠定了基础。

随着假名的出现,真正意义上的日本文学开始粉墨登场了。平安前期,汉文学依然盛行,和歌衰落。例如前文提倡废止遣唐的菅原道真就是一位精通汉文的学者,他很擅长的是五绝和七绝,“传蹄伤马送,江尾损船迎”、“驿长莫惊时序改,一荣一落是春秋”放在唐诗中也能称为上品。所以平安前期在日本史学上称为“国风黑暗时代”。但随着大唐的影响衰弱,假名的盛行,到了平安后期,日本文学逐渐摆脱了汉文学的影响。出现了完全用假名创作的诗歌,日本文学史上最著名的长篇小说《源氏物语》也是产生与这一时期。

与此同时,日本的书法也进入了和风时代并。日本的书法开始于奈良时代,发展于平安时代。初期是以嵯峨、橘逸、空海“三笔”为代表的唐风时期,以晋、唐书风为典范。随后以行成、道风、佐理为代表的“三迹”时代,是日本和国时代的开始,这时的书法由唐风转变为和风,形成了丰满圆润、典雅流利的和体书法,随着和体书法的进一步发展,假名书法也逐渐形成。并随着和歌与假名文学的成长,不久即在艺术上进一步洗练,引来了他的黄金时代。

此外,奈良时代以来,佛教盛极,日本固有的神道不得不,从属于佛教之下。但到了平安后期的“国风时代”。日本故有文化开始复活,神道也随之活跃起来。宝龟六年,朝廷令诸国国司修理神社,进行祭祀。并下达祭祀时禁止开办酒宴,表演歌舞的明令。对神的尊敬还连带着表现在建筑和雕塑上。平安时期的寺院建筑风格上已经确立了简素优美的日本样式,如有的庭园性的寺院前开池,池中有岛,岛上架桥非常美观。

这一时期日本的主流绘画和音乐,茶道的特色也都表现出了日本文化独有的气质。

可以看出,废止遣唐的政策对日本文化经济的影响是多么的深重。

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