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朝鲜战争时期美国政府缘何三次拒绝蒋介石参战?

2016-05-27 14:51:59   党史文苑

1950年6月25日,朝鲜战争爆发。6月27日,美国总统杜鲁门下令派遣第七舰队进入台湾海峡,以“防止对台湾的任何进攻”。朝鲜南北发生战争的消息,对于已被杜鲁门冷落的蒋介石来说,无疑是一个意外的“喜讯”。蒋介石还三次向美国提出派遣3.3万精锐国民党军队参加赴朝鲜半岛参战的建议。

但是令蒋介石沮丧的是,美国政府并未接受蒋介石的建议。蒋介石缘何三次提出出兵赴朝参战,而美国政府又缘何拒绝了蒋介石的这一建议?这其中隐藏着什么历史玄机呢?

朝鲜半岛燃起战火,蒋介石喜出望外

1950年6月25日的清晨,蒋介石和往常一样,洗漱后开始吃早饭。此时,蒋经国匆匆来到,给蒋介石送来一份情报。这份情报并不详细,只是说朝鲜南北发生战争。深夜10时,台湾国民党当局驻南朝鲜“大使”邵毓麟给蒋介石发来报告,蒋介石这才较为详细地了解到朝鲜战争的情况。

蒋介石对于爆发第三次世界大战的期盼,可谓是望眼欲穿。而现在,朝战的爆发,似乎让他看到了希望。他对于朝鲜战争的反应,与邵毓麟的报告基本一致:“韩战对于台湾,更是只有百利而无一弊。我们面临的中共军事威胁,以及友邦美国遗弃我国,与承认匪伪的外交未及,已因韩战的爆发而局势大变,露出一线转机。”

的确,朝鲜半岛燃起战火,对于蒋介石来说可以算得上是“喜讯”。自从蒋介石政权撤到台湾之后,美国政府对它逐渐冷落。1950年6月以前,美国政府在台湾仅有一名领事级的代表,最高武官不过是一名中校而已,没有派驻正式的使节。

朝鲜战争的爆发,成为挽救蒋介石流亡政权的救命稻草。6月25日朝鲜战争爆发的当天(美国当地时间是6月24日),正和家人在密苏里州独立城休假的美国总统杜鲁门,接到了国务卿艾奇逊的电话:“北朝鲜人已经进攻南朝鲜了。”这个消息令杜鲁门震惊不已,他匆匆赶回华盛顿。

由于朝鲜的军队势如破竹,南朝鲜李承晚集团不得不把自己的首都迁到了距离汉城以南150英里的大邱。6月27日,杜鲁门正式发表声明,抛出了“台湾地位未定论”,命令第七舰队阻止对台湾的任何攻击,同时要求蒋介石停止对大陆的一切海空行动。当晚,美国驻台代表斯特朗奉命拜会蒋介石,告知美国的这一决定。晚10时,台湾当局“外交部长”叶公超面交蒋介石复示,表示原则上接受。

杜鲁门宣布防卫台湾的决定,令蒋介石受宠若惊,欣喜异常。但是“台湾地位未定论”的说法和杜鲁门禁止他进攻大陆的命令,却令他在喜悦之余感到了几分苦涩。如果承认台湾地位未定的话,那么流亡台湾的国民党政权的“合法性”,就成了问题。6月28日,蒋介石在“总统府”召开了军政首脑会议,出席者有陈诚、王世杰、谷正纲、蒋经国等要员。为了争取美国第七舰队协防台湾,军政首脑会议不得不“原则接受”包含“台湾地位未定论”内容的杜鲁门声明。对于蒋介石而言,统治台湾的精神支柱,惟一的口号便是“反共复国”。杜鲁门禁止他反攻大陆,蒋介石表面上不得不接受,表示“双方意见完全一致”。但是今后拿什么来激励军民呢?蒋介石和他的幕僚们发现了一个新办法,那就是出兵朝鲜半岛。

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