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“杯酒释兵权”本质:宋太祖“以腐败换兵权”

2016-05-18 11:32:34   人民网

必须指出,太祖时期的一些武将在内心中——起码在最早的时候其实并不想贪污腐败,但因为害怕过于洁身自好被赵匡胤怀疑有不臣之心,于是便只好“作秀”,故意装得自轻自贱,自甘堕落的样子。如石守信原本是一员仁将,虽作战勇猛,但一向重义轻利,可是,自从“杯酒释兵权”事件发生后,他忽然顿悟,从此开始追求声色犬马,疯狂聚敛财物,对他的这一“表现”,《宋史》如此评价道:“岂非亦因以自晦者邪?!”话说得很透彻,原来他老兄不过是像当年秦朝大将王翦那样,在出征灭楚途中为了消除秦始皇的疑虑,故意“自污”罢了。

而另一位武将王全斌,史书上也说他以前一直表现很好,为人素来“轻财重士,不求声誉,宽厚容众,军旅乐为之用”,可是,“杯酒释兵权”后,他竟像换了个人似的,克蜀之日,竟自己带头,放纵部下大肆搜掠蜀中,“侵侮宪章,专杀降兵,擅开公帑,豪夺妇女,广纳货财,敛万民之怨嗟,致群盗之充斥。”

很显然,王全斌的这种反常之举也是为了自污求保。因为,在他以为,克蜀之功太大,自己的威望已瞬间升至无以复加的程度,到了这种地步,太祖赵匡胤已经赏无可赏,如果不来一场声势同样浩大的“自污”之举,因为功高震主,自己一定不会有什么好下场。

由此可见,这些武将虽然出身行伍,性格鲁莽,但也很有政治敏锐性,能混到那种地步,说明这些人绝对不是猪脑壳。

如果说,刚开始由于太祖的诱迫,有很多武将一时情非得已,在贪污腐败时还颇有些作秀的成分,只不过是逢场作戏并不当真的话。那么,久而久之,由于人性中普遍所潜在的诸如纵欲享乐等劣根性作祟,便习惯成自然,对贪污腐败渐渐习以为常了。

由于自己有言在先,对于武将们的贪墨腐败,赵匡胤是尽量“睁一只眼,闭一只眼”,做到能不说的不说,能不管的不管。有时,有的武将在这方面做得实在是太过分了,在必须要处理时,他也尽量高抬贵手,手下留情。

有这样一个例子可以佐证,有个名叫王继勋的武将,是彰德军节度使王饶之子,王皇后的胞弟。据《宋史·王继勋传》记载,这位国舅爷性情残暴,是个贪财渔色、“专以脔割(即将活人身上的肉割成一片一片的,谓之脔割)奴婢为乐”的食人魔王。一天,王继勋府中围墙因大雨坍塌,大量奴婢逃出牢笼,跑到宋太祖面前告御状,把王继勋骇人听闻的罪行全都捅了出来。

据说,宋太祖“大骇”之下,对王继勋判决得挺狠:“削夺官爵,勒归私邸。仍令甲士守之。俄又配流登州。”但最终处理起来却是雷声大,雨点小,这边,还没等自己的小舅子王继勋上路前往流放地,那边,赵匡胤早已改授其职为右监门率府副率。由于有恃无恐,开宝三年,王继勋被任命为西京洛阳的行政长官,到任之后,变本加厉地发泄着自己残暴的本性,开始吃人:“强市民家子女备给使,小不如意,即杀食之,而棺其骨弃野外。”以致人贩子和棺材铺商人日夜出入王继勋府中,门庭若市。有了上一次告御状的教训,洛阳百姓对上诉不再抱持希望,学会了听天由命,任其宰割。

据统计,直到太宗在位王继勋被处死时,仅在开宝六年到太平兴国二年这短短的5年时间里,王继勋前后亲手杀掉和吃掉的奴婢就多达100多人。这样一个十恶不赦的食人恶魔,如果不是赵匡胤有意庇护,想必绝对不会吃人吃得这么不亦乐乎,逍遥自在。

还有一个例子,就是对镇守关南的大将李汉超强娶民女为妾及贷民钱不偿一事,宋太祖也是巧言相辩,对这位武将竭力包庇纵容。当受害者亲属到京城告状时,宋太祖召之相问:“汝女可嫁何人?”讼者答:“农家尔。”又问:“汉超未至关南时,契丹何如?”答说:“岁苦侵暴。”再问:“今还有否?”答说:“无也。”最后,宋太祖对这个告状的农民说:“汉超,朕之贵臣。汝女为之妾,难道不比为农妇强?假使没有汉超在关南,汝家尚能保住所有货财吗?”在对告状者进行了一番斥责之后,赵匡胤命人将讼者遣送回乡,而对“朕之贵臣”李汉超强娶民女为妾及贷民钱不偿一事竟然无丝毫究责,只是将他找来,劝他今后尽量要多注意些影响,最后,不惩反赏,竟然还赐给李汉超白金3000缗。

在“杯酒释兵权”这场历史上著名的政治博弈与政治交易中,赵匡胤表现得极为慷慨和仁爱,为了“安抚”石守信等武将,他不但向他们赏赐了大量的钱财,而且还“约婚以示无间”,与一帮武将缔结政治婚姻。“杯酒释兵权”后,很快太祖便爽约将自己寡居在家的妹妹燕国长公主嫁给了高怀德,女儿延庆公主、昭庆公主则分别下嫁给了石守信之子和王审琦之子。显而,这种婚姻有着强烈的政治色彩,是对失去兵权后的武将们的一种笼络、安慰与补偿。

谁知道,赵匡胤的这些小恩小惠、耍小聪明的做法真的非常有效,由于赵匡胤所采取的“以腐败换兵权”的政策或策略,除了在立国之初相继发生了两起由后周旧臣李筠、李重进所发动的叛乱外,此后,在大宋帝国内部,300多年间竟然再也没有发生过一起类似“黄袍加身”的政治事变。

然而,天下事往往有一利则必有一弊。后面我们将要说到,“以腐败换兵权”对于大宋帝国来说,无异于自毁长城,慢性自杀。仔细算一算账,人们就会发觉,这代价也真的太大了!(《读不懂的两宋》,丁守卫著,中国铁道出版社出版)

责任编辑:汤鹏霏 CM015
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