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“东京审判”之谜:28名甲级战犯是如何选定的

2016-04-28 15:32:36   人民网

板垣征四郎和木村兵太郎也有类似的情况。他们二人之所以未被列名于1945年那四次逮捕令中,倒不是由于对他们有什么特殊照顾,而是因为他们那时都不在日本国内。当日本投降的时候,板垣大将和木村大将都在海外作战,担任着重要的军职(板垣是日本第七战区总司令,驻扎在新加坡;木村是缅甸派遣军总司令,驻扎在仰光)。在日本投降之后,他们都遭到当地政府的拘捕。由于他们的劣迹昭彰,早已被国际检察处选为第一批起诉的对象。但是等到开庭的前夕,他们才被押解来到东京,投入巢鸭监狱。因此,检察处也来不及对他们进行侦讯或录取口供的工作。

除了上述四人之外,其余二十四人都长期被羁押在巢鸭监狱里,并且都经过检察处很认真的侦讯,都有很详尽的口供书存案。在法庭审讯的过程中,这些口供都充分地被检察处作为证据利用了。

对于第一批起诉的这二十八名被告主要战犯的名单,人们大体上是感觉满意的,遗憾的只是检察处出于微妙的原因没有把任何重要的财阀、大资本家如鲇川义介、久原房之助、中岛知久平之流列名其间。但是,除了这个缺点之外,名单还算是差强人意的;所有的被告都是长期骑在日本人民头上的野心勃勃、罪恶昭著的法西斯侵略分子。在日本多年来的政治、军事、外交宣传各方面的罪恶活动中,他们的重要性是特别突出的。

把这二十八名被告战犯的地位或罪行分析一下,我们便可发现其中有:

(一)曾任国务总理大臣的东条英机(太平洋战争的发动者)、广田弘毅(老牌外交家)、平沼骐一郎和小矶国昭(老牌法西斯军人)。这四个首相都是日本政界中赫赫威名、不可一世的人物,在整个起诉期间(1928—1945年),他们都是日本对外侵略活动中的首要分子。

(二)积极鼓吹侵略的老牌军国主义典型人物荒木贞夫、南次郎。

(三)对华长期侵略中活动最力、罪恶最大的土肥原贤二、板垣征四郎、梅津美治郎,以及对中国人民施以残酷暴行的主犯松井石根、俊六。

(四)战时日本经济动员和对华经济榨取的主要策划者和执行者、理财家贺屋兴宣、星野直树。

(五)东条内阁发动太平洋战争的主要策划者及参加者永野修身、岛田繁太郎、木户幸一、铃木贞一、佐藤贤了、冈敬纯。

(六)太平洋战争期间在菲律宾、缅甸各地实施残酷暴行的主犯木村兵太郎、武藤章。

(七)积极推动侵略阴谋的老牌外交家重光葵、东乡茂德、松冈洋右,以及积极勾结德意轴心国家组织反共军事同盟的大岛浩、白鸟敏夫。

(八)疯狂鼓吹法西斯主义和对外侵略政策的理论宣传家和煽动家大川周明、桥本欣五郎。

把二十八名被告分为以上八类并不是绝对准确的,因为在这些人的长期活动中,他们的所作所为是很复杂的,多种多样的,并不限于一格。上述划分只是就他们长期的复杂的活动中最突出的重点而作出的。同时,从这八类的分法之中,我们也可以看出:检察处之所以把他们列为第一批起诉的对象绝不是偶然的,而是因为他们在全部日本对外侵略战争中不但是主要的人物,而且是有代表性的人物。苏联派到远东国际法庭的陪席检察官高隆斯基在1947年3月27日关于“日本首要战犯的审判”的一次讲演中把东京被告战犯们分为五类,即(一)国务总理大臣;(二)军事要人;(三)外交要人;(四)财政经济要人;(五)日本帝国主义思想家。他把宫廷重臣木户幸一侯爵列于五类之外而独自成为一类。这虽不失为一种可行的分类法,但是它的毛病却是在各类战犯的数字上太不平衡。被告中可以列入“军事要人”一类的要占半数以上,而其他各类却只能有二三人或三四人。此外,把许多“军事要人”笼统地划为一类也不易表现他们各自的特征和罪责重点之所在。因此,我们不采取高隆斯基的分类法。

责任编辑:张海潮
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