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八年抗战胜利后的疯狂:国民党因腐败丢掉民心

2016-04-27 15:01:52   人民网

本文摘自《<百年潮>精品系列》,史事探幽/杨天石主编;《百年潮》杂志社编.上海辞书出版社,2005.12

1945年8月,中国人民经历八年艰苦抗战,终于迎来了最后胜利的一天。然而就在抗战胜利之时,国民党当局在从日伪占领区接收了相当大一笔物质财富的同时,却因为接收中大规模的贪污舞弊而失去了全国的民心,成为其在接踵而至的内战中迅速失败的重要原因之一。

争抢战利品的一场混战

抗战胜利的迅速到来,多少出乎国民党的意料。因此对于接收问题,缺乏充分而周密的准备,导致接收事务一开始即弊端百出。接收之初,蒋介石令陆军总部“指导监督并得全权处理收复区内一切党政各事务”,而在实际上,是由各战区接收机关为主、由行政院各部会特派员和各省市政府成员组成的接收委员会负责接收,这就难免造成接收中的各自为政,混乱不堪。当时参加上海接收的单位多达数十家,以至于为了一艘轮船,就多达六个单位抢着接收,这本身就为官僚的贪赃枉法提供了方便。当时随陆总参加接收的蒋介石侍从室秘书邵毓麟认为:“行政经济接收情形极坏”,“陆总对于全国收复地区的一般政务,无权亦无力处理,军与政,既不能配合,党也未曾发生作用,而我行政院各部会对伪组织中央各部会的机构与事业的接收,不但事前没有‘敌情观念’,而且也没有一张蓝图,可供我各部会间彼此分工合作的参考。”曾任上海市市长的吴国桢也在其晚年的回忆中指出:接收没有任何事先准备好的计划,事先也没有设立任何良好有效的行政机关,因此,出现了争抢战利品的一场混战。所有政府的不同机构都被赋予没有中央监督而接收敌方财产的权力,结果,他们的行为犹如当年的侵略者。

为了解决没有统一的接收机关所带来的一连串问题,1945年10月中旬,行政院院长宋子文在上海设立了行政院院长驻沪办事处,以统一接收工作,改变政出多门的情况。接着在10月下旬,正式成立了行政院收复区全国性事业接收委员会,将经济、交通、金融方面的全国性事业,交由该会统筹接收。该会由行政院副院长翁文灏主持,并在各重要区域(如上海、北平、青岛、广州等地)设立敌伪产业处理局。这使接收有了相对统一的机构,并发布了有关规章制度,但因为它们成立时间较晚,以前接收的许多敌伪产业既不可能交还,帐册亦难以查找,而且由于它们和各机关尤其是有实权的军政机关在接收上的矛盾,它们的工作仍面临着相当的困难。据当时河北平津区敌伪产业处理局局长孙越琦回忆,要把原有各机关接收的产业完拿过来统一处理,就如同要他们把刚到嘴的肥肉又吐出一样,谈何容易。何况,“接收办法公布既晚,且复一再变动,致敌伪产业,先经军事机关接收,复经地方机关接收,又经主管机关接收,接收一次,损失一次,至于不肖官吏军警勾结地痞流氓,明抢暗盗,所在多有,损失更所不赀。敌伪强占或强租强买人民房屋,经各机关接收后,任意占用或封锁,使人民无屋居,此为各城市之普遍现象。”

关于接收敌伪产业的总数量,现有统计数字不一。因为当时法币币值变动剧烈,以法币计算其价值很难得出确切数字,而且以美元计算,在换算时亦无困难。现有统计低则3亿美元,高则8亿美元。以接收地区论,据1946年底统计,接收数量最大的苏浙皖区,接收总值达到法币12648亿元,仅金银首饰价即达1650亿元,房地产1348亿元。

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