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抗美援朝长津湖血战:美军陆战一师如何逃跑成功

2016-04-27 14:41:11   知乎 猪小宝

这就是当时驻扎在朝鲜连浦机场的 C-119 运输机机群。

这就是 C-119 运输机在大约 800 英尺高度,空投桥梁的瞬间:

这是空投的预制桥梁组件开伞后的照片:

实际上,在出发之前,美军第 314 空运联队在连浦机场进行了一次试验空投,组件上带有六顶 24 英尺直径的降落伞。结果这次试验失败了,六顶里面有五顶降落伞都没能成功开伞,空投的桥梁组件像砖头一样拍到了地面上,砸进土里整整 6 英尺(约 1.8 米)。但是已经没有再进行第二次试验的时间了,最终美军决定使用两顶最大号的 48 英尺直径的降落伞。

那么空投的到底是什么东西呢?怎么用这些东西修桥的呢?从上面的照片我们也能看到,其实就是混凝土桥梁炸断了一截,造成了一个桥面的缺口。

问题就是,怎么能让坦克通过这个缺口?答案很简单,放两根木板,一边一根,坦克的两条履带分别压在两边的木板上,就像过独木桥一样,这不就行了吗。

当然,考虑到坦克的重量,木板可能是不行的,会被坦克压断。所以需要的其实是一根比木板更结实的板子。美军的 M2 预制桥梁组件,说白了就是一个很结实的、能够承受坦克单边履带重量的板子。

这块板子的有效长度为 12 英尺(3.66 米),宽度为 45 英寸(1.14 米)。长津湖战场上实际的桥面缺口为 16 到 19 英尺,所以单独的一根 M2 板子跨越不了整个缺口,需要两根板子合起来组成一个总长 24 英尺的板子才行。所以总共需要四块这样的板子,先把这四块 12 英尺长的板子组成两根 24 英尺长的板子,然后再一边一根,上面再铺上木板,坦克、卡车、人员就都能通过了。

那这块板子到底是什么做的呢?两侧各有一根贯穿全长的大尺寸槽钢(截面高度 15 英寸,约 38 厘米)作为主梁,这两根槽钢的间距为 45 英寸,中间有横向的工字钢作为次梁和支撑,工字钢上面还有纵向的小截面工字钢,作为桥面铺设木板的檩条。简单说,这就是一个钢架子做成的长度 3.66 米,宽度 1.14 米,厚度 38 厘米的大板子。

那这两块板子又是怎么拼接成一块更长的大板子的呢?很简单,一个大螺丝钉把这两块板子连起来。当然,实际上应该叫一个 pin 或者 clevis pin,但是简单理解,跟螺丝钉差不了多少,只不过个头大得多。这根螺丝钉的长度为 4 英尺 6.5 英寸,也就是 1.38 米,贯穿整个板子的宽度;螺丝钉的直径为 2 又 3/8 英寸,也就是 6 厘米。单单这一根螺丝钉的重量就达到了 65 磅,也就是 29.5 公斤。

实际上,作为美军二战以及后续战争的主力装备,M2 预制桥梁组件也被制成了各种厂家的或者玩家 DIY 的各种模型。比如下面就是一个:

看出来了吗?这个小模型就刚好是四个 M2 组件,两块拼接成一根更长的,然后一边一根,底下是浮筏用来搭浮桥。在长津湖这个断桥,不需要浮筏,底下也根本没有水,就是上面这两块大板子,搭在断桥的缺口上就行了。

这个小场景模型就展示了 M2 桥梁组件和坦克的比例,四个浮筏,上面总共八个 M2 组件,跨越大约 14 米宽的河流。

执行这次「空投桥梁」任务的美军第 314 空运联队目前驻扎在阿肯色州的小石城空军基地,长津湖战役中的这次行动也是这个联队津津乐道的战史之一。2015 年 12 月 7 日,长津湖「空投桥梁」行动之后整整 65 周年,他们还出动了现役的 C-130J 运输机,空投了一个模拟的 M2 桥梁组件作为纪念。(来源:战争史)

责任编辑:张海潮
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