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面对苏联南北夹击威胁 新中国如何打破包围

2016-04-26 14:39:51   中国共产党新闻网

(二)在南面,试图建立“亚洲集体安全体系”,利用印度、越南、阿富汗等对中国进行战略包围。

1969年珍宝岛事件后,苏联提出建立“亚洲集体安全体系”的倡议,试图同亚洲的一些国家建立起所谓“安全合作关系”。1971年8月,苏联同印度签订了“和平友好合作条约”,在涉及“第三国”的条款中约定,在任何一方遭到进攻或进攻威胁时,双方进行协商并“采取有效措施来保证两国的和平与安全”;1978年11月,苏联又分别同越南和阿富汗签订了含有同样条款的条约。在此之前,苏联还曾于1966年1月同蒙古签订了“友好合作互助条约”。上述条约都带有军事同盟性质。根据这些条约的规定,苏联势力大举进入蒙古、印度、越南和阿富汗等国,打着“集体安全”的旗号,事实上形成对付中国的军事联盟。周恩来曾说过:苏联的这种做法,“是把杜勒斯的破烂货再捡起来,就是‘包围圈’嘛!”(周恩来会见越南劳动党中央代表春水时的谈话记录,1969年7月1日。)

围绕“亚洲集体安全体系”战略,苏联具体作了如下部署:

首先,利用印度,推行其南下政策。1959年和1962年,印度曾先后两次在中印边界挑起武装冲突。冲突发生后,苏联无视客观事实,采取明为“中立”、实为偏袒印度的立场。它不仅错误地指责中国,并且向印度提供大量军事和经济援助,鼓励印度反对中国。1963年9月,苏联政府公开发表文章支持印度反华势力,诬蔑中国是“亚洲战争的策源地”,是“世界和平的威胁”。(王绳祖主编《国际关系史》(第9卷),世界知识出版社1995年版,第78页。)1964年8月,苏联向印度提供了当时最先进的米格飞机,后来还帮助印度建立起生产米格飞机的制造厂。1971年苏印“和平友好合作条约”签订后,苏联支持印度以武力肢解巴基斯坦。随后,又支持印度吞并锡金,并同阿富汗联合起来策划进一步肢解巴基斯坦的所谓“俾路支斯坦计划”。这些作法,实际上是继承了沙俄时代的一贯南下政策。邓小平1974年在同联邦德国客人的谈话中评论说:“支持印度的侵略行动,这是苏联的一种战略总要求的表现。”“虽然事情是印度出面,但后面站的是苏联。”(邓小平会见联邦德国基督教民主联盟主席科尔时的谈话记录,1974年9月6日。) 其次,利用越南,控制东南亚。20世纪70年代中期,越南战争结束后,美军撤出印度支那,苏联趁机向东南亚扩张。1975年10月,苏越两党领导人发表“苏越宣言”,确定两党两国要进行全面合作,在国际问题上密切配合。为拉拢越南,苏联积极支持其建立“印支联邦”的计划,并在越南控制老挝后,支持其出兵占领柬埔寨。1978年,苏越“友好合作条约”签订后,越南将金兰湾军事基地租让给苏联,并积极支持苏联建立“亚洲集体安全体系”的主张。与此同时,越南依靠苏联的支持,驱赶华人华侨,强占南沙群岛,并在中越边界不断挑起事端。对此,邓小平曾说:“在越南方面,它(指苏联——引者注)是下了功夫啰。”(邓小平会见泰中友好协会代表团时的谈话记录,1978年6月15日。)越南问题“从全球来说,可以找到苏联插手这个根子”(邓小平会见马来西亚外交部长里陶丁时的谈话记录,1978年9月22日。)。

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