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面对苏联南北夹击威胁 新中国如何打破包围

2016-04-26 14:39:51   中国共产党新闻网

延伸阅读:《我所亲历的中苏大论战》

本文原载于《党的文献》

20世纪60至70年代,中苏关系极度恶化。苏方在中国周边形成包围态势,严重威胁了中国的国家安全。在这个时期,毛泽东、邓小平等老一辈革命家,根据国际形势的新变化,及时调整外交战略,同苏联进行了长期而坚决的控制与反控制、包围与反包围的斗争。他们提出一系列重要思想和战略决策,有效地维护了国家安全。

一、中苏关系恶化后苏联包围中国的基本态势

新中国成立后,在苏美两大阵营严重对峙的世界格局中,中国采取了“一边倒”的外交方针,成为以苏联为首的社会主义阵营的重要成员。苏联不仅第一个承认新中国、第一个与新中国建交,并且最早同新中国签订了“友好同盟互助条约”,从各个方面给予新中国支持和帮助。但是,从20世纪50年代后期开始,苏联的外交政策逐渐发生变化,具体表现是:在对美关系上,从严重对峙到寻求缓和,在全球范围推行其“苏美合作,主宰世界”的战略。进入70年代后,又依靠其日益增长的军事实力,实行扩张主义政策,与美国争霸世界。在对兄弟党和兄弟国家的关系上,以“老子党”自居,要求包括中国在内的各兄弟党、兄弟国家的内政外交政策都必须受它的指挥,服从它的战略需要。 苏联的大国主义和霸权主义对外政策,从一开始即遭到中国共产党的批评和抵制。到20世纪60年代中期,中苏关系严重恶化,从意识形态的分歧逐步发展到两党和两国关系的破裂。邓小平后来总结这段历史时说:“我们关系之所以搞坏,为什么搞坏,就是因为苏联要控制我们。”(邓小平会见希腊总理卡拉曼利斯时的谈话记录,1979年11月14日。)中苏之间“真正的实质问题是不平等,中国人感到受屈辱”(《邓小平文选》第3卷,人民出版社1993年版,第294—295页。)。

中苏关系恶化后,从20世纪60年代中期到70年代末,苏联采取了一系列行动,对中国实行战略性包围,试图压服中国。主要表现在以下两个方面:

(一)在北面,陈兵百万于中苏、中蒙边界,对中国直接进行军事威胁。

1964年,苏联开始在以往没有驻军的中苏、中蒙边界陈兵布阵,并陆续增加兵力,总数达到54个师计100万军队,并配备了包括核导弹在内的大量先进武器。1969年3月,中苏之间在两国边界乌苏里江珍宝岛爆发了严重的武装冲突,使原本不平静的边界形势更趋紧张。进入20世纪70年代后,苏联除继续加强在中苏、中蒙边界的军事力量外,还不断强化它在远东地区的战略部署。到70年代后期,苏联在远东地区部署了大量最新军事装备,并于1978年底建立远东战区司令部,统一指挥远东、后贝加尔和西伯利亚三个军区以及不断扩充的太平洋舰队,做好了在远东地区打常规战争和核战争的准备。用邓小平的话说,来自北方的强大军事压力,“对中国构成了直接威胁”(邓小平会见美国高级企业家代表团时的谈话记录,1985年10月23日。)。

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